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Reinhard Feldmeier interprets biblical statements on the Spirit of God in the context of ancient religious and intellectual history, thereby revealing its fundamental significance for early Christianity and the ensuing need to "test the spirits". By holding the critical mirror of biblical testimonies up to the Spirit-forgetfulness of churches in the northern hemisphere and to the overemphasis of some churches in the Global South, his intention is to stimulate further theological reflection. The Holy Spirit is often granted only a minor role in many churches andtheologies. Yet in the Global South, where Christianity-in contrast to Europe and North America-is constantly expanding, the Spirit plays the leading role in Pentecostal and Neo-Pentecostal denominations, as well as in the charismatic renewal movements of the mainline churches. Reinhard Feldmeier engages that tension in the form of an exegetical study which interprets the biblical witnesses in the context of the religious and intellectual history of ancient Judaism and Graeco-Roman antiquity. Against this background, Feldmeier demonstrates both the fundamental significance of the Holy Spirit in early Christianity and the necessity of "testing the spirits" which it entailed. In this way, the author seeks to hold up the critical mirror of the biblical testimonies both to the Spirit-forgetfulness of churches in the northern hemisphere and to the overemphasis of some churches in the Global South and thus to provide both with impulses for further theological reflection.

Geist Gottes --- Konfessionen --- Exegese --- Antike --- Frühchristentum --- denominations --- Holy Ghost --- exegesis --- early christianity

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Missions --- History --- Histoire --- Holy Ghost Fathers --- Catholic Church --- Congo (Brazzaville) --- Congo --- Church history --- Histoire religieuse --- History. --- Church history.

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The most original and innovative Byzantine text on the Filioque discussion. The 'Dialogi sex de processione Spiritus Sancti' by Niketas, metropolitan of Thessaloniki, once known unproperly as "of Maroneia", is one of the most outstanding polemical works against the Latins, written in form of a dialogue, of the Comnenian era. Niketas (first half of the 12th c.) is commonly considered a "latinophrone" theologian, since he was "prepared to accept the Latin wording" (A. Kazhdan, 'Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries', Berkeley 1985, p. 189), and his 'Dialogi' are the only Byzantine twelfth-century writings on the discussions with the Latin Church where Greek and Latin speakers reach an agreement on the procession of the Holy Spirit "through the Son", and where the Latin's arguments turn out to be ultimately longer and more persuasive than the Greek's mostly brief and provocative replies. The critical edition of these influential six dialogues, edited for the first time in their complete form, offer one of the most original and innovative text on the Filioque discussion and witness to the existence in the twelfth century of an uncommon way of interpreting the inter-Trinitarian relationship and to the usage of Aristotelic philosophy for interpreting the procession of the Holy Spirit.

Holy Spirit --- Procession --- Nicetas, --- Holy Ghost --- Paraclete --- Pneumatology (Theology) --- Spirit, Holy --- God (Christianity) --- Theology, Doctrinal --- Spirit --- Trinity --- Medieval Greek literature

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Metaphor in the Bible. --- Holy Spirit --- Holy Ghost --- Paraclete --- Pneumatology (Theology) --- Spirit, Holy --- God (Christianity) --- Theology, Doctrinal --- Spirit --- Trinity --- Bible teaching. --- Bible. --- Biblical teaching.

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Americans --- Americans --- Américains --- Américains --- History. --- History --- Histoire --- Histoire --- Holy Ghost Fathers --- Missions. --- Zanzibar --- Tanzania --- Zanzibar --- Tanzanie --- History --- History --- Histoire --- Histoire