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This paper examines the persistence and long-term impacts of early labor force experiences. The paper reports a rise in employment rates for a cohort of young men as they age, but points out that those persons with poor employment records early have comparatively poor records later. In order to asses the extent to which differences in later employment and wages are causally related to these earlier employment experiences, the methodologies of Heckman, Chamberlain, and others are extended to account for Markov type persistence and a straight forward estimation technique results. In addition, a Sims type causality test is used to measure the true impact of work experience on wages. The paper concludes that the effects of a period without work do not end with that spell. A teenager who spends time out of work in one year will probably spend less time working in the next than he would have had he worked the entire year. Furthermore, the lost work experience will be reflected in considerably lower wages. At the same time, the data provide no evidence that early unemployment sets off a vicious cycle of recurrent unemployment. The reduced employment effects die off very quickly. What appears to persist are effects of lost work experience on wages.
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Unemployment levels have received a great deal of attention and discussion in recent years. However, another labor category—underemployment—has virtually been ignored. Underutilized or underemployed workers are those who are experiencing inadequate hours of work, insufficient levels of income, and mismatch of occupation and skills. Marginal Workers, Marginal Jobs addresses two principal issues: how can we measure underemployment, and how can we explain its prevalence? To answer the first question, Teresa Sullivan examines yardsticks in use, demonstrates their inadequacy, and develops a different measure that is easy to interpret and is usable by both demographers and economists. In answering the second, she analyzes 1960 and 1970 census data to determine the relative effects of population composition and job structure on levels of employment. One of the important contributions of Sullivan's study is to distinguish between marginal workers and marginal jobs in explaining underutilization. Previous explanations, including the widely used dual market theory, have not stressed this analytic distinction. In addition, her work accounts separately for the various types of marginality and seeks to show the condition of workers who are marginal on more than one count—for example, those who are both young and black, or old and female. A provocative study based on large samples of the U.S. population, this book raises important questions about a critical subject and makes a significant contribution to the theory of underutilization.
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Unemployment --- Underemployment --- France --- France
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Unemployment --- Underemployment --- Colombia --- Economic policy --- Unemployment - Colombia --- Underemployment - Colombia --- Colombia - Economic policy
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This book explains the economic fundamentals featuring the latest employment statistics and report findings. It also explores the inadequacy of welfare support and reviews government and social sector strategies for tackling unemployment and underemployment. Finding a job, and indeed enough employment, can be hard work in itself.
Unemployment --- Unemployment --- Underemployment --- Underemployment --- Gig economy --- Social aspects --- Political aspects --- Political aspects --- Social aspects
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We live in an age when the workforce is more educated and qualified than ever before. There is mounting evidence that many workers are over-qualified and their skills and capabilities are not being used effectively at work. This book poses an important question: what can be done to raise the skill content of jobs in an age of over-qualification?
Underemployment. --- Employees --- Educational attainment. --- Education. --- Europe. --- Frankreich --- Norwegen --- Grossbritannien
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