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Militaire geschiedenis ; oudheid --- Leger ; Romeinse Rijk --- Pretoriaanse garde
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In the modern era, representation is the hallmark of democracy, and electoral rules structure how representation works and how effectively governments perform. Moreover, of the key structural variables in constitutional design, it is the choice of electoral system that is usually the most open to change. There are three distinctive approaches to electoral system research. One, associated largely with economics, involves the study of electoral system effects through the deductive method, using mathematical tools to derive theorems about the properties of voting methods and behaviors. A second, associated largely with political science, has a primarily empirical focus, and looks in depth at how electoral rules impact on political outcomes, through large cross-sectional or case studies. A third, and more recent tradition, inspired largely by work in experimental economics, involves experimentation, either in the form of controlled laboratory experiments or in the form of in situ field studies. This volume employs the third approach to report on experiments that look at alternatives to the present two round (majority runoff) system used for the election of French presidents. This system is of considerable importance not just because of its use in France but also because of its wide adoption in presidential elections in new democracies, such as Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Russia and Ukraine. The editors have assembled the top experimental economists and political scientists specializing in French politics to provide in-depth analysis of the double ballot electoral system, and, more broadly, of the effect of electoral rules on the number of candidates, voter strategies, and ideological choice. Ultimately, the editors and contributors argue that experimental methods have great potential to inform our understanding of institutional mechanisms in the context of voting behavior.
Social sciences (general) --- Politics --- Economic schools --- politieke wetenschappen --- sociale wetenschappen --- economisch denken --- methodologieën
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The aim of this work is to bridge the gap between the well-known Newtonian mechanics and the studies on chaos, ordinarily reserved to experts. Several topics are treated: Lagrangian, Hamiltonian and Jacobi formalisms, studies of integrable and quasi-integrable systems. The chapter devoted to chaos also enables a simple presentation of the KAM theorem. All the important notions are recalled in summaries of the lectures. They are illustrated by many original problems, stemming from real-life situations, the solutions of which are worked out in great detail for the benefit of the reader. This book will be of interest to undergraduate students as well as others whose work involves mechanics, physics and engineering in general.
Hamiltonian systems. --- Lagrange equations. --- Mathematical physics. --- Physical mathematics --- Physics --- D'Alembert equation --- Equations, Euler-Lagrange --- Equations, Lagrange --- Euler-Lagrange equations --- Lagrangian equations --- Differential equations --- Equations of motion --- Hamiltonian dynamical systems --- Systems, Hamiltonian --- Differentiable dynamical systems --- Mathematics --- Mechanics. --- Statistical physics. --- Classical Mechanics. --- Complex Systems. --- Classical Electrodynamics. --- Statistical Physics and Dynamical Systems. --- Mathematical statistics --- Classical mechanics --- Newtonian mechanics --- Dynamics --- Quantum theory --- Statistical methods --- Dynamical systems. --- Optics. --- Electrodynamics. --- Light --- Dynamical systems --- Kinetics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Force and energy --- Mechanics --- Statics
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Ce vocabulaire a pour ambition de mettre à disposition des acteurs et concepteurs de l'urbain...et de tout public un outil de description des espaces de la ville. Il réunit les termes les plus anciens et ceux apparus en grand nombre depuis un siècle. Chaque mot est défini et assorti d'une notice. Cet ouvrage s'attache à montrer l'évolution de l'espace urbain à travers les aménagements liés à l'espace public, au mobilier urbain, à l'architecture et au parcellaire. Une importance particulière est donnée à l'espace public (extrait du dos de la couverture)
Public spaces --- City planning --- Espaces publics --- Urbanisme --- Terminology. --- Terminologie --- Aménagement urbain --- Dictionnaire --- Espace public --- Espace urbain --- Mobilier urbain --- Morphologie --- Morphologie urbaine --- Représentation de l'espace --- Théorie de l'urbanisme --- Vocabulaire --- Terminology --- Architectuur ; Frankrijk --- Stedenbouw ; Frankrijk --- 72.025 --- 711.4 --- 030.8 --- Frankrijk --- Monumentenzorg --- Stedenbouw --- Lexica --- Woordenboeken --- Public places --- Social areas --- Urban public spaces --- Urban spaces --- Cities and towns --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Land use --- Planning --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Regional planning --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- Government policy --- Management --- Architecture --- Stedenbouw (theorie) --- Public spaces - Terminology --- City planning - Terminology --- Public spaces - France --- City planning - France