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This volume advocates a trans-regional, and maritime-focused, approach to studying the genesis, development and circulation of Esoteric (or Tantric) Buddhism across Maritime Asia from the seventh to the thirteenth centuries CE. The book lays emphasis on the mobile networks of human agents ('Masters'), textual sources ('Texts') and images ('Icons') through which Esoteric Buddhist traditions spread. Capitalising on recent research and making use of both disciplinary and area-focused perspectives, this book highlights the role played by Esoteric Buddhist maritime networks in shaping intra-Asian connectivity. In doing so, it reveals the limits of a historiography that is premised on land-based transmission of Buddhism from a South Asian 'homeland', and advances an alternative historical narrative that overturns the popular perception regarding Southeast Asia as a 'periphery' that passively received overseas influences. Thus, a strong point is made for the appreciation of the region as both a crossroads and rightful terminus of Buddhist cults, and for the re-evaluation of the creative and transformative force of Southeast Asian agents in the transmission of Esoteric Buddhism across mediaeval Asia.

Tantric Buddhism --- Buddhism, Tantric --- Buddhist tantrism --- Esoteric Buddhism --- Mantrayāna Buddhism --- Mikkyō --- Tantrism, Buddhist --- Vajrayāna Buddhism --- Buddhism --- Mahayana Buddhism --- Buddhist art and symbolism --- Buddhist symbolism --- Lamaist symbolism --- Symbolism and Buddhist art --- Symbolism

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This book examines how the interaction between political and economic factors under Doi Moi has shaped Vietnam's China policy and bilateral relations since the late 1980s.After providing a historical background, the book examines the conflicting effects that Doi Moi has generated on bilateral relations. It demonstrates that Vietnam's economic considerations following the adoption of Doi Moi contributed decidedly to the Sino-Vietnamese normalization in 1991 as well as the continuous improvements in bilateral ties ever since. At the same time, Vietnam's economic activities in the South China Sea and China's responses have intensified bilateral rivalry and put their ties under considerable strains.The book goes on to argue that Doi Moi has indeed brought Vietnam newfound opportunities to develop a multi-level Omni-directional hedging strategy against China. Finally, the book concludes by looking at the prospects of democratization in both countries and assessing the future trajectory of their relations under such circumstances. As the most comprehensive and up-to-date survey of Vietnam's relations with China over the past thirty years, the book is a useful reference source for academics, policymakers, students, and anyone interested in contemporary Vietnam foreign policy in general and Vietnam-China relations in particular.

China --- Vietnam --- Betʻŭnam --- Biet Nam --- Bietnam --- Biyetnan --- Chính phủ nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam --- Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam --- Fītnām --- Fīyatnām --- Fiyitnām --- I︠U︡zhnyĭ Vʹetnam --- National Republic of Vietnam --- Nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam --- Petʻŭnam --- Republica Socialista de Vietnam --- Rèpublica socialista du Viêt Nam --- République socialiste du Vietnam --- RSV --- RSVN --- S.R.V. --- Satsyi︠a︡listychnai︠a︡ Rėspublika V'etnam --- Socialist Republic of Viet Nam --- Socialist Republic of Vietnam --- Sosialistiese Republiek Viëtnam --- Sot︠s︡ialisticheska republika Vietnam --- Sot︠s︡ialisticheskai︠a︡ Respublika Vʹetnam --- SRV --- SRVN --- Vʹet-Nam --- Vʹetnam --- Viet-Nam --- Vijetnam --- Vītnām --- Vīyitnām --- Vjetnamio --- Vyetnam --- Vyetnam Sosialist Respublikası --- Wietnam --- Yüeh-nan --- Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка В'етнам --- Социалистическа република Виетнам --- Виетнам --- В'етнам --- فيتنام --- Vietnam (Democratic Republic) --- Vietnam (Republic) --- Foreign relations --- Politics and government. --- E-books --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / International / Economics.

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Military enterprises, ostensibly set up to feed and supply soldiers, were some of the earliest and largest Burmese commercial conglomerates, established in the 1950s. Union Myanmar Economic Holdings Limited (UMEHL) and Myanmar Economic Corporation (MEC) are two profit-seeking military enterprises established by the military after the dissolution of the Burma Socialist Programme Party in 1988, which remain central players in Myanmar's post-2011 economy. Military conglomerates are a major source of off-budget revenue for the military and a main employer of retired soldiers. Yet few veterans receive more than a small piece of the profits from UMEHL. The vast bulk of formal dividends instead disproportionately benefit higher ranking officers and institutions within the Tatmadaw. Military capitalism entrenches the autonomy of the Tatmadaw from civilian oversight. Despite this, obligatory or semi-coerced contributions from active-duty soldiers are a source of cash flow for UMEHL, effectively constituting a transfer from the government budget to the military's off-budget entities. The most significant source of livelihoods support for most veterans is the service pension dispersed by the Ministry of Finance and Planning (MoPF). Despite delivering suboptimal welfare outcomes for most soldiers and veterans while eroding the legitimacy of ceasefires, successive governments since 1988, including Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) administration, have entrenched military capitalism by encouraging commercial activities of armed groups that enter into ceasefire agreements. Extending military pensions already paid by the Ministry of Planning and Finance to retired members of armed groups could deliver a far more consistent and tangible "peace dividend" than the commercial extraction of resources from ceasefire areas. More balanced civil-military relations, and fairer social outcomes for military personnel, will rely on civilian-led state institutions delivering effective and substantive welfare support beyond the commercially oriented welfare arrangements of military conglomerates.

Civil-military relations. --- Capitalism. --- Armed Forces. --- Civil-military relations --- Capitalism --- Market economy --- Economics --- Profit --- Capital --- Military and civilian power --- Military-civil relations --- Executive power --- Sociology, Military --- Military government --- Armed Services --- Military, The --- Military art and science --- Disarmament --- Burma. --- Burma --- Barma --- Birma --- Birmânia --- Birmanie --- Birmanskiĭ Soi͡uz --- Birmanya --- Birmo --- Bŏma --- Bourma --- Burmah --- Dēmokratia tēs Enōsēs tēs Mianmar --- Enōsē tou Mianmar --- Maenmar --- Miandian --- M'i͡anma --- Mianmar --- Mianmari Államszövetség Köztársasága --- Mien Chin --- Mijanmar --- Mijanmarska Unija --- Miyanma --- Mjanma --- Mjanmaa Unio --- Mjanmao --- Mjanmar --- Mranʻ m --- Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ --- Myanma --- Myanma Birliyi Respublikası --- Myanma Naingngandaw --- Myanmar --- Myanmar Unionens Republik --- Myanmari Liidu Vabariik --- Myanmarin tasavallan unioni --- Myanmarko Batasuna --- P'idaŭnzu M'i͡anma Naĭnhanda --- Praññʻ thoṅʻ cu Chuirhayʻlacʻ Sammata Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ --- Praññʻ thoṅʻ cu Sammata Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ --- Puruma --- Pye Tawngsu Thammada Myanma Naingngan --- Pyi-daung-zu Myan-mar Naing-ngan-daw --- Pyidaungsu Myanmma Naing Ngan-Daw --- Pyidaungsu Socialist Thammada Myanma Naingngandaw --- Pyidaungsu Thamada Myanmar Naing-Ngan-Daw --- Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw --- Pyidaungzu Thammada Myanma Naingngandaw --- Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw --- Republic of the Union of Myanmar --- República de la Unió de Myanmar --- República de la Unión de Myanmar --- Republik der Union von Myanmar --- Republika Sŭi͡uz Mianmar --- République de l'Union du Myanmar --- Rėspublika Sai͡uz M'i͡anma --- Sai͡uz M'i͡anma --- Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma --- Svazová republika Myanmar --- Undeb Myanmar --- Unie van Birma --- Unie van Mianmar --- Unija Mjanmar --- Unión de Birmania --- Unión de Myanmar --- Union of Burma --- Union of Myanmar --- Virmania --- Birmanskiĭ Soi︠u︡z --- Burma (Union) --- Mranʻ mā --- М'янма --- M'i︠a︡nma --- Рэспубліка Саюз М'янма --- Rėspublika Sai︠u︡z M'i︠a︡nma --- П'ідаўнзу М'янма Найнганда --- P'idaŭnzu M'i︠a︡nma Naĭnhanda --- Саюз М'янма --- Sai︠u︡z M'i︠a︡nma --- Мианмар --- Република Съюз Мианмар --- Republika Sŭi︠u︡z Mianmar --- Μιανμάρ --- ʼΕνωση του Μιανμαρ --- Βιρμανία --- Μπούρμα --- Δημοκρατία της ʼΕνωσης της Μιανμάρ --- ミャンマー --- 미얀마 --- 버마 --- 缅甸 --- Defense industries --- Politics and government. --- Armaments industries --- Arms sales --- Military sales --- Military supplies industry --- Munitions --- Sale of military equipment --- Industries --- Arms transfers --- National Unity Government of Myanmar --- National Unity Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar

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The Chinese diaspora, consisting of both Chinese living overseas who are citizens of China (huaqiao), and people of Chinese descent who are citizens of foreign countries (huaren), have significantly shaped the making of modern China. China's policy towards its diaspora is primarily governed by its national interests and foreign policy imperatives. However, the Chinese government has been careful to ensure that the huaqiao and the huaren fall into different policy domains: Chinese citizens living overseas are subject to China's domestic policies, while Chinese descendants who are citizens of other countries come under China's foreign affairs. Nevertheless, from the beginning, the latter continue to be regarded as kinsfolk distinct from other foreign nationals. The huaqiao-huaren distinction is often blurred in ordinary discourse and this has been a source of much misunderstanding. However, it has not been the policy of the Chinese government to blur this distinction, and it is acutely aware of the complexity of the issue and is therefore very cautious about implying any change. As such, when terms such as huaqiao-huaren are introduced in the official lexicon, they are meant to acknowledge certain historical and contemporary realities, and not to deliberately obfuscate the two categories. The use of the combined term is in fact a recognition of the clear-cut distinction between the two groups, and is meant to convey a semantic balance in which neither category is emphasized at the expense of the other. In general, since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese government has treated the diaspora as an asset, rather than a liability. The sole exception was during the Cultural Revolution when returnees, or the guiqiao, were condemned as reactionary and bourgeois elements. There is therefore a fundamental continuity in China's diaspora policy: namely, that China embraces both groups as part of a global Chinese community. Some policy shifts can be expected in future as China becomes more proactive in reaching out to its diaspora while balancing the needs and interests of Chinese abroad with the needs and interests of the Mainland.

Diplomatic relations --- Chinese --- S09/0412 --- S11/1100 --- Ethnology --- Relations --- Government policy --- China: Foreign relations and world politics--China and South-East Asia (incl. Vietnamese war) --- China: Social sciences--Immigration and emigration, Overseas Chinese (huaqiao 华侨) --- Southeast Asia. --- China. --- China --- 1949 --- -Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Catay --- Cathay --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chine --- Chinese National Government --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Chung-hua min kuo --- Chung-kuo --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Cina --- Činská lidová republika --- Dumdad Uls --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Erets Sin --- Jhonggu --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- Khi͡atad --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Kin --- Kitad --- Kita --- Kitaĭskai͡a Narodnai͡a Respublika --- Kitajska --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- National Government --- P.R. China --- People's Republic of China --- PR China --- Republic --- Republic of China --- República Popular China --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- République Populaire de Chine --- RRC --- RRT --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- VR China --- VRChina --- Zhong guo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhonghuaminguo --- Asia, Southeastern --- South East Asia --- Southeastern Asia --- Foreign relations --- E-books --- -BNKhAU --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- P.R.C. --- PRC --- Foreign relations. --- Chinese diaspora --- Political aspects --- Chinese diaspora.

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Charismatic pastors, fast-paced worship sessions, inspirational but shallow theology, and large congregations - these are just some of the associated traits of Pentecostal megachurches. But what lies beneath the veneer of glitz? What are their congregations like? How did they grow so quickly? How have they managed to negotiate local and transnational challenges? This book seeks to understand the growth and popularity of independent Pentecostal megachurches in Southeast Asia. Using an ethnographic approach, the chapters examine Pentecostal megachurches in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Singapore. Each chapter dwells on the development of the megachurch set against the specific background of the country's politics and history.

Big churches --- Pentecostalism --- Pentecostal churches --- Charismatic Movement --- Charismatic Renewal Movement --- Latter Rain movement --- Neo-Pentecostalism --- Pentecostal movement --- Christianity --- Gifts, Spiritual --- Glossolalia --- Churches, Big --- Churches, Large --- Congregations, Big --- Congregations, Large --- Large churches --- Megachurches --- Church growth --- Church management --- Church work --- Evangelistic work --- Missions --- Religions --- Church history