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Structural parts and elements of building --- 691 --- bouw --- voegen --- banden --- metselwerk --- profielen --- glas --- wanden --- muren --- gevels --- beglazing --- droge beglazing --- afdichting --- 692.2 --- dichting --- dichtingsvoeg --- voeg --- Building materials. Building components --- 691 Building materials. Building components --- façades and façade components

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The amount of slag generated is almost athird of the total stainless steel produced. Owing to its mineralogy, a large partof the slag is produced as fines, which has a very low valorisation potentialand has to be landfilled. The present work is aimed at exploring the potentialof these slags to produce construction materials of higher economic value.To address the issue, two valorisationroutes were applied: 1) alkali-activation initiating binding reactions in theslag by the addition of alkali hydroxides and silicates, 2) carbonation initiating hardening reaction in the slag by the formation of alkalicarbonates. Two stainless steel slags, continuous casting (CtCs) slag and Argonoxygen decarburisation (AOD) slag, were targeted for valorisation.Initiation of hardening reactions in theslag was found to occur only under a combined treatment of alkali (Na and K)hydroxides and high temperature (80 °C) which was provided by steam curing. However,only a moderate strength in the mortar specimens was observed under suchconditions along with appearance of efflorescence with NaOH for molaritiesabove 5 M. The problem of low strength and efflorescence in the mortar sampleswas eliminated by the introduction of silicates in the system along with thealkali hydroxides. The compressive strength of the slag mortars was found toincrease with the increase in the amount of silicates in the activatingsolution and with the increase of the curing temperature. The reaction productfrom the activation was found to be C-S-H as confirmed by thermogravimetric,QXRD, FTIR and 29Si NMR analysis.The slag was also found to develop strengthunder acceleration carbonation conditions which was provided under two environments:i) in a carbonation chamber, maintained at atmospheric pressure, 22 °C, 5 vol.%CO2 and 80% RH; and ii) in a carbonation reactor, where the CO2partial pressure (pCO2)and temperature could be further increased. It was found that in thecarbonation chamber the compressive strength of the samples and the CO2sequestration continued to increase up to 3 weeks whereas in the reactor theoptimum for strength and CO2 sequestration was found at 80 °C, 8 barpressure in 2.5 h. The major reaction product was found to be calcite indifferent morphologies.Three types of masonry blocks were preparedform the slag with the two valorisation routes: alkali-activated solid bricks,perforated carbonated bricks and alkali-activated aerated bricks. Thecarbonated bricks were found to have the best resistance to freeze-thaw,whereas the aerated bricks were found to have superior thermal resistivity values.The LCA showed that the environmental impact of the bricks is lower (negativefor carbonated bricks) than the conventional clay fired bricks and the impactof the aerated bricks was found to be similar to the conventional aeratedblocks available in the market. A SWOTanalysis highlighted the advantage of using these bricks in the form of lowerenergy requirement in its production, reduction of stress on the use of prime materialsand ease of metal recovery from the residual slag.The results of the dissertation show that thebinding potential of the stainless steel slags can be exploited as valorisedapplications in the construction industry by novel thermo-alkali activation andcarbonation processes.

691 --- Academic collection --- 691.714 --- 691.504 --- Building materials. Building components --- Steel --- Building materials and the environment. Sustainable building materials --- Theses --- 691.504 Building materials and the environment. Sustainable building materials --- 691.714 Steel --- 691 Building materials. Building components

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745.5 --- designmaterialen --- materialenkennis --- 691 --- 62-039 --- designmaterialen - algemeen --- Building materials. Building components --- Engineering materials in general --- 62-039 Engineering materials in general --- 691 Building materials. Building components --- materials science --- materiaalkennis --- Materials processing --- Applied arts. Arts and crafts --- Materiaalleer

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De geo-elektrische technieken uit de geofysica werden aangepast voor gebruik als een niet-destructieve techniek voor het in situ onderzoek van historisch metselwerk. Theoretische beschouwingen en numerieke modellering hebben aangeduid hoe ze omgebouwd konden worden om op metselwerk gebruikt te worden. Daarna werden ze verder ontwikkeld en getest in het laboratorium, en uiteindelijk toegepast op historisch metselwerk on site in twee restauratieprojecten. In deze thesis werd duidelijk aangetoond dat het geo-elektrisch onderzoek van metselwerk een geschikt, niet-destructief middel aan het worden is voor de diagnose van een beschadigde structuur, om de nood aan restauratie te beoordelen en om de efficiëntie van consolidatieinjecties te controleren. The geo-electrical techniques from geophysics have been adapted from for use as a non-destructive technique on historic masonry. Theoretical considerations and numerical modelling have shown how they could be reconsidered for use on masonry. They have been further developed and tested in laboratory, and finally applied on historic masonry in two case studies. This thesis shows that geo-electrical surveying is a cost-efficient, quick, accurate, non-destructive technique for the evaluation of the inner structure of building constructions in general, and masonry walls in particular. The geo-electrical survey of masonry is becoming a suitable, non-destructive tool for the diagnosis of a deteriorated structure, to judge the need of restoration and to control the efficacy of consolidation injections.

Academic collection --- 624.01 --- 691 --- 691 Building materials. Building components --- Building materials. Building components --- 624.01 Structures and structural parts according to material and method of construction --- Structures and structural parts according to material and method of construction --- Theses

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Structural parts and elements of building --- Bouwnijverheid --- Construction --- 620.1 --- 691 --- Materials testing. Defects of materials. Protection of materials --- Building materials. Building components --- 620.1 Materials testing. Defects of materials. Protection of materials --- 691 Building materials. Building components --- Building materials. Building technology