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La recherche collective dont cet ouvrage est le fruit s'est donné pour ambition de cerner les implications juridiques de l'adaptation des territoires aux changements climatiques. L'équipe s'est appuyée sur l'exemple de l'île de La Réunion pour s'interroger sur les traductions juridiques du discours politique résultant de la COP 21 qui consistait, tout à la fois, à mettre l'accent sur l'adaptation aux effets des changements climatiques et non plus seulement sur l'atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, à décentraliser les politiques climatiques de manière à les faire correspondre aux spécificités locales, à adopter une approche transversale de la vulnérabilité des territoires et des populations, et à favoriser les échanges de bonnes pratiques au titre d'une coopération globale. Dans ce contexte, les travaux conduits identifient, dans différentes branches du droit, les expressions de l'adaptation, et déterminent si le droit applicable à La Réunion est adapté à l'enjeu climatique. L'accent est mis sur les processus d'agencement des éléments hétérogènes identifiés comme autant de composantes de l'adaptation à La Réunion, afin de révéler et d'évaluer les mécanismes juridiques qui permettent de faire naître et de stabiliser les attentes normatives des parties prenantes de l'adaptation des territoires aux changements climatiques. Cette recherche a été financée par le ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire, dans le cadre du programme OMERAD (15-MCGOT-GICC-2-CVS-009).
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The abiotic characteristics of the environment—including temperature, oxygen availability, salinity, and hydrostatic pressure—present challenges to all biochemical structures and processes. This volume first examines the nature of these perturbations to biochemical systems and then elucidates the major adaptive strategies that enable organisms from all Domains of Life—Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya—to conserve common types of biochemical structures and processes across a wide range of environments. In addition to these conservative adaptations that foster a biochemical unity among diverse species, other adaptations can be viewed as innovative changes that enable organisms to exploit new features of the environment that may themselves be the result of biological activities.The opening chapter outlines the basic principles of biochemical adaptations and raises the questions that serve as the focal points for the detailed analysis found in the next three chapters, which are devoted to the study of relationships involving oxygen, temperature, and water-solute effects. In these three chapters, the effects of the variable in question on fundamental biochemical processes and structures are examined. This analysis forms a basis for the subsequent analysis of how adaptive changes modify biochemical systems to establish environmental optima and tolerance limits. This analysis includes examples from all Domains of Life to emphasize the commonality of the fundamental strategies of biochemical adaptation.The final chapter examines the challenges organisms face from the rapid environmental changes that are occurring in the Anthropocene. The effects of co-occurring changes in multiple stressors are examined to provide a realistic and integrative analysis of effects of global change. The underlying genetic capacities of different types of organisms to adapt to rapid environmental change are discussed to provide a basis for predicting the relative success different species—including our own—face in a rapidly changing world.
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Animals --- Adaptation.
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For many humans, birds are the most fascinating group of animals and they are definitely among the best-known and studied organisms. Thanks to global citizen science data, we know that there are some 50 billion individual birds in the world at present, which is about six birds for every human on the planet. Birds have an important role as indicators of the state of the environment, giving them high public value. Human-related global impacts such as climate changes and accelerating urbanization force extant species to continuous adaptations, population modifications, or even outright extinction. This book includes nine chapters covering such topics as bird genetics, the colour of avian plumage, conservation problems, sustainable hunting, habitat disturbance, range expansion and introductions, and long-term bird population changes and challenges. A key chapter explains the genetic rules and reasons why we have continuously more bird species in the world and why we may end up having 7,000 species more than the present 11,000 species.
Birds --- Adaptation.
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