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The 'human' emerges as a deeply political category, historically constructed as a scarce existential resource. Once weaponised, it allows for the social, political and economic elevation of those who are centred within its magic circle, and the degradation, marginalisation and immiseration of those excluded as the different and inferior Other, the less than human.Speaking from Africa, a key site where the category of the human has been used throughout European modernity to control, exclude and deny equality of being, the contributors use decoloniality as a potent theoretical and philosophical tool, gesturing towards a liberated, pluriversal world where human difference will be recognised as a gift, not used to police the boundaries of the human. Here is a transdisciplinary critical exploration of a wide range of subjects, including history, politics, philosophy, sociology, anthropology and decolonial studies.

Decolonization

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The central theme of the book has been woven round the five French settlements in India with Pondicherry as their headquarters which France intended to retain even after Britain had quitted on 15 August 1947. France had neglected her Indian settlements over the years and finding a profound change in the attitude of her people after 1947, she tried to mollify them by introducing certain doses of administrative reforms which were unacceptable to them. Inspired by the events of the neighbouring subcontinent, they expressed their desire to identify themselves with their brethren across the border and demanded the merger of the settlements with Indian Union which was, quite naturally, rejected by France. The rejection was followed by the launching of liberation movement. Repressive measures unleashed by Pondicherry government proved ineffective. Along with this there was a strong diplomatic pressure exerted by New Delhi on Paris for withdrawing from the five pockets. France dithered and delayed the solution which further exasperated the people. Events in North Africa and Indo-China were also going against her. The stalemate continued for seven years until Pierre Mendès France came to power. Meanwhile Chandemagore was transferred to India by referendum. However, diplomatic parleys started at the initiative of the French Prime Minister broke the thaw and facilitated the path for peaceful merger of the four south Indian settlements with India. Thanks to the diplomatic efforts and the spirit of conciliation manifested by the two governments, the problem of the French Indian settlements was amicably resolved thereby opening an era of cordiality between the two countries. Le thème central de ce livre se développe autour du destin des cinq comptoirs français de l'Inde (dont le chef-lieu, Pondichéry) que la France entendait conserver, y compris après le départ des Britanniques le 15 août 1947. La métropole avait négligé ces territoires pendant des années et lorsqu'elle prit conscience du changement profond qui s'était opéré dans l'attitude de leurs habitants, elle tenta de les satisfaire par un certain nombre de réformes qu'ils jugèrent irrecevables. S'inspirant de ce qui s'était passé dans le reste du sous-continent, les sujets de l'Inde Française exprimèrent le désir de s'identifier à leurs frères vivant de l'autre côté des limites territoriales et demandèrent le transfert des comptoirs à l'Union indienne, ce que la France ne pouvait accepter. Ce refus fut alors suivi d'un vaste mouvement de protestation que les mesures répressives des autorités de Pondichéry ne purent enrayer. New Delhi, en même temps, exerçait sur Paris une forte pression diplomatique pour que la France se retirât de ses cinq enclaves, mais les négociations traînèrent, ce qui exaspéra encore plus la population locale. A cela, il faut ajouter les événements d'Indochine et d'Afrique qui jouaient contre la puissance coloniale. Cette situation sans issue dura sept ans jusqu'à l'arrivée au pouvoir à Paris de Pierre Mendès France. Entre-temps, il est vrai, Chandernagor avait été rattaché à l'Inde à la suite d'un référendum. Les initiatives diplomatiques du Premier Ministre français permirent de sortir de l'impasse et de rendre possible le transfert paisible des quatre établissements du Sud à l'Inde. Ainsi, grâce aux efforts diplomatiques et à l'esprit de conciliation des deux gouvernements, le problème des territoires français de l'Inde fut résolu à l'amiable, ouvrant une ère de cordialité entre les deux pays.

Decolonization.

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Decolonization

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Decolonization.

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This is a history which deals with the end of the Dutch colonial rule, the early independent Indonesia, the West New Guinea question, and the emergence of Papuan nationalism. The book chiefly concentrates on Dutch policies ands perspectives, which have so far generally been ignored in existing English language publications. Netherlands-Indonesian relations between 1950 and 1958 are treated in depth, with a description and analysis of the struggle for power between the early, more Western-attuned and economic-rationalist cabinets, on the support of which the fate of the vast Netherlands-controlled export economy was dependent, and the masses, driven by Sukarno and the populist parties. West New Guinea and Papua nationalism began as early as the 1920s and 1930s, and by the early 1950s the Dutch had set about guiding the Papuans towards independence. This policy had to be aborted, however, with the threat of an Indonesian invasion and the unwillingness of the US to provide armed support to Dutch forces. As a result, Australia, too, was reluctantly forced to abandon the Dutch. Australia was forced to accept the inevitable. It had actively encouraged the Netherlands to hold onto West New Guinea, completed agreements on economic and social cooperation, and conducted in-depth studies about a possible Australia-Dutch defence system against Indonesian aggression. Without US military support, however, the situation became untenable. This book will be required for those seeking to understand the genesis of the situation in West New Guinea today, where Papuan nationalism is again in the ascendant following the recent dramatic events leading to the independence of East Timor. Co-published with Crawford House Publishing.

Decolonization