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2011 (4311)

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Article
An Analysis of Skill Mismatch Using Direct Measures of Skills
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Year: 2011 Publisher: Paris : OECD Publishing,

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Abstract

The focus of this study is on the potential causes of skill mismatch, the extent of skill mismatch, the sociodemographic make-up of skill mismatch, and the consequences of skill mismatch in terms of earnings as well as employer sponsored adult education/training. A distinction is made between skill mismatch and education mismatch. The analysis is based on the 2003-2007 Adult Literacy and Lifeskills Survey (ALLS) – a dataset similar to the one that is forthcoming from the Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) in 2013. These studies contain direct measures of key foundation skills as well as measures of the use of certain generic skills at work which allow for a direct measure of skill mismatch. The analysis points to the complex ways in which mismatch is generated and the need for an accurate and up to date measure of mismatch, one that reflects the possibilities for skill gain and skill loss over the lifespan, and reflects differences in the quality of qualifications. Two key findings stand out. First, including supply and demand characteristics in an earnings function reveals that labour demand characteristics are more important than labour supply characteristics in explaining earnings differentials. In other words, skills matter for earnings but only if they are required by the job. This has direct implications for understanding better the causes of mismatch on earnings. Second, the skill content of jobs seems to be an even stronger determinant of participation in employer supported adult education/training than educational attainment or literacy proficiency. The influence of demand characteristics thus tends to outweigh the influence of supply characteristics when employers make the decision to support adult education/training. Addressing mismatch thus requires a careful consideration of both the demand and supply sides of the labour market, so as to understand better the variety of factors which may have a negative impact on the effectiveness of skill formation, skill maintenance, and also skill use.

Keywords

Education


Article
A Tuning-AHELO Conceptual Framework of Expected Desired/Learning Outcomes in Engineering
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Year: 2011 Publisher: Paris : OECD Publishing,

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Abstract

The OECD Secretariat, at the invitation of the AHELO Group of National Experts, contracted the Tuning Association to undertake initial development work on learning outcomes to be used for valid and reliable assessments of students from diverse institutions and countries. The two disciplines selected for the AEHLO Feasibility Study are engineering and economics. Following the Tuning approach, academics from various regions and countries in the world reached consensus on definitions of expected learning outcomes for bachelor’s-type programmes in both disciplines. This Working Paper presents the outcomes of their work for the engineering discipline. Members of the Engineering Tuning-AHELO working group defined general learning outcomes for all engineering programmes supplemented by branch specifications for the fields of mechanical, electrical and civil engineering, taking into account different degree profiles and relevant occupations. In addition to the agreed upon learning outcomes, the paper presents an overview of the field of engineering, the typical degrees and engineering occupations associated to the first and second cycle degrees. The paper also discusses the role of learning outcomes and presents the approach used to defining them. A comparative summary of some of the most influential learning outcomes frameworks in the engineering field is also provided.

Keywords

Education


Article
Enseignement privé : Quels avantages ? Et pour qui ?
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Year: 2011 Publisher: Paris : OECD Publishing,

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Abstract

Il arrive souvent un moment dans l’éducation de leur enfant où de nombreux parents se demandent si sa scolarisation dans l’enseignement privé serait un investissement rentable. Aux yeux des parents, les établissements privés sont susceptibles d’offrir un type d’enseignement que les établissements publics ne proposeraient pas. En outre, si les établissements privés attirent également de meilleurs élèves et enseignants que les établissements publics, les parents ont le sentiment qu’ils offrent ainsi la meilleure éducation possible à leur enfant...

Keywords

Education


Article
Redoublement et transfert des élèves : Quel impact pour les systèmes d'éducation ?
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Year: 2011 Publisher: Paris : OECD Publishing,

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Abstract

Les systèmes d’éducation font face de différentes façons au défi de la diversité des effectifs scolarisés. Certains pays adoptent un système d’éducation global non sélectif qui vise à garantir l’égalité des chances dans l’apprentissage pour l’ensemble des élèves, laissant aux établissements et aux enseignants le soin de gérer la diversité des besoins des élèves. D’autres pays regroupent les élèves, que ce soit dans d’autres établissements ou d’autres classes au sein même des établissements, de façon à les prendre en charge selon leur potentiel académique, leurs intérêts et/ou leur comportement. Le redoublement des élèves peu performants ou le transfert vers un autre établissement des élèves présentant de faibles résultats ou des problèmes de discipline sont, à cet effet, deux pratiques courantes de regroupement...

Keywords

Education


Article
Faut-il investir dans les cours de soutien après la classe ?
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Year: 2011 Publisher: Paris : OECD Publishing,

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Abstract

Dans un contexte de concurrence féroce pour rentrer dans les bonnes universités et décrocher les bons emplois, les élèves de l’enseignement secondaire sont souvent encouragés à suivre des cours supplémentaires après la classe dans les matières déjà enseignées dans leur établissement afin d’améliorer leurs performances – même si cela suppose de renoncer à d’autres façons amusantes et intéressantes d’occuper leur temps libre après la classe, comme de faire du sport, de prendre des cours de musique ou de travailler bénévolement dans un centre ou hôpital de la communauté. Dans les pays de l’OCDE, les élèves passent, en moyenne, près de deux heures et demie par semaine dans des cours supplémentaires après la classe. En Corée, en Grèce, en Israël et en Turquie, et dans les pays partenaires, en Azerbaïdjan, au Kirghizistan, au Qatar et en Tunisie, ils y passent même plus de quatre heures et demie. Cet investissement dans les cours de soutien est-il rentable ? ...

Keywords

Education


Article
Transforming Pedagogical Ethos into an Effective Learning Environment
Authors: --- ---
Year: 2011 Publisher: Paris : OECD Publishing,

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Abstract

The world has been changing so fast that educational systems have not had time to keep pace. We therefore need to rethink, renew and modernise our schools, as well as develop a new educational experience for children. In order to do this, it is crucial that we devise a new approach to developing our educational systems. This article proposes a novel way of generating new ideas, based on empirical knowledge.

Keywords

Education


Article
Comment certains élèves parviennent-ils à surmonter leur milieu socio-économique ?
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Year: 2011 Publisher: Paris : OECD Publishing,

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Les élèves issus d’un milieu socio-économique défavorisé sont-ils condamnés à perpétuer un cycle intergénérationnel de faibles résultats scolaires, de mauvaises perspectives d’emploi et de pauvreté ? Pas nécessairement, s’ils fréquentent des établissements leur proposant des cours sur une base plus régulière. Lors des enquêtes PISA 2006 et 2009, les élèves résilients ont affiché de bonnes performances malgré leur milieu d’origine défavorisé. Contre toute attente, ils ont obtenu de meilleurs résultats que leurs pairs issus du même milieu socio-économique pour se classer dans le quartile supérieur de performance au niveau international...

Keywords

Education


Article
Student Standardised Testing : Current Practices in OECD Countries and a Literature Review
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Year: 2011 Publisher: Paris : OECD Publishing,

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Abstract

This report discusses the most relevant issues concerning student standardised testing in which there are no-stakes for students (“standardised testing”) through a literature review and a review of the trends in standardised testing in OECD countries. Unlike standardised tests in which there are high-stakes for students, no-stakes implies that test results have no impact on the student’s academic career. The same tests, however, may have high stakes for teachers and schools. The report provides an overview of the standardised testing typology in the no-stakes context, including identifying the driving trends behind the gradual increase in standardised testing in OECD countries and the different purposes of standardised tests. Within this framework the report reviews how standardised tests with no-stakes for students are designed, implemented and used across OECD countries. The report also aims to synthesise the relevant empirical research on the impact of standardised testing on teaching and learning and to draw out lessons from the literature on aspects of standardised tests that are more effective in improving student outcomes. Key debates concerning standardised testing are identified throughout and include (among others): 1) selecting the appropriate test purpose; 2) teacher evaluation based on student test results; 3) the impact of publishing standardised test results; and 4) minimising strategic behaviour by teachers and administrators in standardised testing.

Keywords

Education


Article
Does Participation in Pre-Primary Education Translate into Better Learning Outcomes at School?
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Year: 2011 Publisher: Paris : OECD Publishing,

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Abstract

It’s elementary: students benefit from pre-primary education. The OECD’s PISA 2009 results show that in practically all OECD countries 15-year-old students who had attended some pre-primary school outperformed students who had not. In fact, the difference between students who had attended for more than one year and those who had not attended at all averaged 54 score points in the PISA reading assessment – or more than one year of formal schooling (39 score points). While most students who had attended pre-primary education had come from advantaged backgrounds, the performance gap remains even when comparing students from similar backgrounds. After accounting for socio-economic background, students who had attended pre-primary school scored an average of 33 points higher than those who had not...

Keywords

Education


Article
Making Visionary Design Work at Policy Level and in Practice
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Year: 2011 Publisher: Paris : OECD Publishing,

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Abstract

Good architecture responds to contemporary challenges, irrespective of fashionable trends, and is characterised by rigorous building processes. Office buildings, housing, stadiums and theatres offer outstanding examples of this principle. But do school buildings figure among them? Happily, in Germany they do, although they are still too rare. This article focuses on school building processes and raises the following questions: what sort of challenges will we meet in the future? Will a culture of planning be sufficient to foster the emergence of modern and tailor-made learning environments?

Keywords

Education

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