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Year: 2001 Publisher: Calverton, Maryland : Measure DHS+, ORC Macro,
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Year: 2014 Publisher: Oslo : Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services,
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The traditional practice of female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) covers a range of procedures (clitoridectomy, excision, infibulation, and other) performed on the genitals of females of different ages. This systematic review aimed to summarize empirical quantitative research describing the gynecological consequences of FGM/C on girls and women. We included 136 primary studies, 42 of which compared groups of women who had been subjected to FGM/C with women who had no or different types of genital alterations. The main finding is that FGM/C has harmful consequences for a woman's gynecological health. We found that:1. Women with FGM/C seem to be more likely than women without FGM/C to experience urinary tract infection, bacterial vaginosis, and pain during intercourse.2. There seems to be a trend for women with FGM/C to be more likely than women without FGM/C to experience: burning/painful urination, problems with menstruation, vaginal discharge and vaginal itching.3. There seems to be no clear trend for either a greater or lower risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among women who have undergone FGM/C.4. There were insufficient data for us to conclude whether the risk of other gynecological complications (tissue damage, vaginal adhesions and obstructions, cysts, infertility) is different among women with FGM/C compared to women without FGM/C, and whether various FGM/C types differentially affect the risk of other gynecological complications (except regarding urinary tract infection). This systematic review found that sufficient evidence exist to conclude that women who have undergone FGM/C suffer a greater risk of gynecological complications than women who have not undergone the procedure. There were no indications of gynecological benefits of FGM/C. Rather, there is a real chance of under-reporting of many of the health issues covered in this systematic review.
Book
Year: 2004 Publisher: Calverton, Maryland : ORC Macro, MEASURE DHS+,
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Year: 2008 Publisher: Calverton, MD : Macro International Inc.,
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ISBN: 1555878717 Year: 2000 Publisher: Boulder : Lynne Rienner Publishers,
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Year: 2010 Publisher: Oslo, Norway : Knowledge Centre for the Health Services at The Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH),
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Book
Year: 2022 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : World Bank,
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Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is a development issue and a form of violence against women and girls that affects at least 200 million women in the world FGM/C is a harmful practice proven to impact the physical and mental health of affected women and girls from the moment of the cutting, with prolonged and irreversible consequences during their entire lives. Studies show that FGM/C has economic and social consequences and a high obstetric cost although a comprehensive study on the exact extent of these economic, health and social costs is still to be carried out. Beyond the data and the statistics, researcher have shown that FGM/C deprives women of sexual satisfaction, sexual health, and psychophysical wellbeing. The Compendium of International and National Legal Frameworks on Female Genital Mutilation (the "Compendium") was prepared to contribute to this urgent and important development debate with the understanding that the knowledge of the law is an important empowerment tool to end FGM/C. It provides a survey of the key international and regional instruments as well as domestic legislation as they relate to the prohibition of FGM/C.
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Year: 2004 Publisher: [Washington, D.C.] : The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate,
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Year: 2019 Publisher: [Washington, D.C.] : Congressional Research Service,
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Year: 2004 Publisher: [Washington, D.C.] : The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate,
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