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The Enlightenment that Failed explores the growing rift between those Enlightenment trends and initiatives that appealed exclusively to elites and those aspiring to enlighten all of society by raising mankind's awareness, freedoms, and educational level generally. Jonathan I. Israel explains why the democratic and radical secularizing tendency of the Western Enlightenment, after gaining some notable successes during the revolutionary era (1775-1820) in numerous countries, especially in Europe, North America, and Spanish America, ultimately failed. He argues that a populist, Robespierriste tendency, sharply at odds with democratic values and freedom of expression, gained an ideological advantage in France, and that the negative reaction this generally provoked caused a more general anti-Enlightenment reaction, a surging anti-intellectualism combined with forms of religious revival that largely undermined the longings of the deprived, underprivileged, and disadvantaged, and ended by helping, albeit often unwittingly, conservative anti-Enlightenment ideologies to dominate the scene. 0The Enlightenment that Failed relates both the American and the French revolutions to the Enlightenment in a markedly different fashion from how this is usually done, showing how both great revolutions were fundamentally split between bitterly opposed and utterly incompatible ideological tendencies. Radical Enlightenment, which had been an effective ideological challenge to the prevailing monarchical-aristocratic status quo, was weakened, then almost entirely derailed and displaced0from the Western consciousness, in the 1830s and 1840s by the rise of Marxism and other forms of socialism.

Enlightenment. --- Mouvement des Lumières --- Civilization, Modern --- Civilisation

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Philosophie française --- Mouvement des lumières --- 18e siècle

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Idées politiques --- Utopies --- Mouvement des Lumières --- Histoire.

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Depuis plusieurs années, la littérature et, plus particulièrement, les œuvres classiques et leurs auteurs font l’objet de procès intentés au nom de la morale. Or, lorsqu’on condamne ces textes au nom de principes normatifs qui les soumettent à une nouvelle forme de censure, on court souvent le risque d’en donner une interprétation qui les empêche d’interpeller nos propres préjugés. Avec cet ouvrage collectif, c’est la démarche inverse que nous proposons. Les douze textes qu’il rassemble mettent en évidence la complexité des rapports entre fiction et morale, en montrant à quel point il s’agit d’une problématique qui appelle la multiplication des points de vue. Aussi invitent-ils à renouveler le débat actuel en adoptant des perspectives aussi variées que la poétique ou l’esthétique, la morale du sentiment ou les pratiques pédagogiques.

Littérature et morale --- Mouvement des Lumières.

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Philosophie --- Histoire --- Enlightenment --- Philosophy, Modern --- Mouvement des Lumières --- Mouvement des Lumières. --- Philosophy, Modern - 18th century