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This thesis works on the topic of fiber-reinforced plastics and discusses the measurement of strain with embedded sensors. Embedding sensors into a structure fundamentally poses challenges arising from the differences in mechanical properties of sensor and structure. This thesis works on the research area of Self-Sensing, where these challenges are overcome by using carbon fibers for both load-carrying and strain-sensing functions. Starting with a literature review, this thesis proposes three research hypotheses, which are targeted to describe the Self-Sensing properties of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) for strain measurements. These hypotheses assume, that the electric anisotropy of the material results in a complex voltage distribution within a Self-Sensing specimen. In order to discuss this point further, a two-dimensional piezoresistivity model based on the Laplace equation is introduced. The developed model newly allows to quantify the electric potential changes in specimens with arbitrary geometrical dimensions and electric anisotropy. Furthermore, this thesis discusses a set of experimental results on the piezoresistive properties of unidirectional CFRP made with the pultrusion process. Overall, the results of the experiments indicate that the most repeatable results are obtained for specimens with electric contacts at their cut-end. This approach allows to manufacture Self-Strain-Sensing rods with a gauge factor of approximately 1.9 that can be used in a multifunctional manner for both load-carrying and strain-sensing purposes. Furthermore, a novel measurement setup is developed, which allows to acquire the electric potential distribution on the surface of electrical conductors with very high spacial resolution. This experimental setup newly reveals that the current flow in specimens can be more complex than assumed in a two-dimensional model.

Materials. --- Engineering design. --- Engineering mathematics. --- Engineering—Data processing. --- Materials Engineering. --- Engineering Design. --- Mathematical and Computational Engineering Applications. --- Engineering --- Engineering analysis --- Mathematical analysis --- Design, Engineering --- Industrial design --- Strains and stresses --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Mathematics --- Design --- Materials --- Fiber-reinforced plastics industry. --- Piezoelectricity. --- Piezo-electricity --- Piezoelectric effect --- Pyro- and piezo-electricity --- Crystallography --- Electricity --- Pyroelectricity --- Plastics industry and trade

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This book covers the current, state-of-the-art knowledge, fundamental mechanisms, design strategies, and future challenges in electrochemical energy storage devices using polymeric materials. It looks into the fundamentals and working principles of electrochemical energy devices such as supercapacitors and batteries and explores new approaches for the synthesis of polymeric materials and their composites to broaden the vision for researchers to explore advanced materials for electrochemical energy applications. All the chapters are written by leading experts in these areas making it suitable as a reference for students as well as provide new directions to researchers and scientists working in polymers, energy, and nanotechnology.

Energy storage --- Polymeric composites --- Technological innovations. --- Composite polymeric materials --- Polymer-matrix composites --- Reinforced plastics --- Storage of energy --- Force and energy --- Power (Mechanics) --- Flywheels --- Pulsed power systems --- Materials. --- Catalysis. --- Force and energy. --- Electrochemistry. --- Supercapacitors. --- Electric batteries. --- Materials for Energy and Catalysis. --- Batteries. --- Batteries, Electric --- Batteries (Electricity) --- Cell, Voltaic --- Electrical batteries --- Electrochemical cells --- Galvanic batteries --- Voltaic cell --- Electric power supplies to apparatus --- Electrochemistry --- Thermopiles --- Super capacitors --- Ultracapacitors --- Capacitors --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Conservation of energy --- Correlation of forces --- Energy --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Activation (Chemistry) --- Surface chemistry --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Materials