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Control of office has long been regarded as the key element in understanding power and policy in the Soviet system. What, however, accounts for the control of office and how are individuals recruited into positions of power and responsibility? In An Algebra of Soviet Power, Michael Urban adopts a fresh approach and introduces into the field of political elite studies the sociological technique of vacancy chain analysis. This treats the movements of actors as sequences of complex inter-relations that are structured by the properties and powers of the personnel system rather than by the consequences of individual intentions or characteristics. This algebraic method is applied to a large body of career data of officials from the Soviet Republic of Belorussia for the period 1966-86. The author documents how, despite the formal systems of nomenklatura - central control over personnel placement - the flow of individuals through the hierarchy of offices in Belorussia has not been influenced by any coordinating policy issuing from Moscow or Minsk. Instead regionalism has played an important, and patronage the decisive, role in the system.

Elite (Social sciences) --- Social mobility --- Social Sciences --- Political Science --- Belarus --- Officials and employees. --- Politics and government. --- Mobility, Social --- Sociology --- Elites (Social sciences) --- Leadership --- Power (Social sciences) --- Social classes --- Social groups --- Republic of Belarus --- Rėspublika Belarusʹ --- Republic of Byelarusʹ --- Respublika Byelarusʹ --- Byelarus --- République de Bélarus --- República de Belarús --- Republik Belarus --- Weissrussland --- White Russia --- Belorussia --- Belorus --- Biélorussie --- Bielorussia --- Białoruś --- Беларусь --- Рэспубліка Беларусь --- Республика Беларусь --- ベラルーシ --- Berarūshi --- Byelorussian S.S.R.

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Economic assistance --- Economic assistance. --- USAID/Belarus --- Belarus --- Belarus. --- Economic aid --- Foreign aid program --- Foreign assistance --- Grants-in-aid, International --- International economic assistance --- International grants-in-aid --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Conditionality (International relations) --- United States. --- Belorus --- Belorussia --- Berarūshi --- Białoru --- Bielorussia --- Biélorussie --- Byelarus --- Byelorussian S.S.R. --- Republic of Belarus --- Republic of Byelarusʹ --- República de Belarús --- Republik Belarus --- République de Bélarus --- Rėspublika Belarusʹ --- Respublika Byelarusʹ --- Weissrussland --- White Russia --- Białoruś --- Беларусь --- Рэспубліка Беларусь --- Республика Беларусь --- ベラルーシ

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tourism economics --- management in tourism --- marketing in tourism --- law in tourism --- hospitality --- innovations in tourism --- Tourism --- Hospitality industry --- Service industries --- Holiday industry --- Operators, Tour (Industry) --- Tour operators (Industry) --- Tourism industry --- Tourism operators (Industry) --- Tourist industry --- Tourist trade --- Tourist traffic --- Travel industry --- Visitor industry --- National tourism organizations --- Travel --- Economic aspects --- Accueil (Tourisme) --- Hospitality industry. --- Tourism. --- Belarus. --- Belorus --- Belorussia --- Berarūshi --- Białoru --- Bielorussia --- Biélorussie --- Byelarus --- Byelorussian S.S.R. --- Republic of Belarus --- Republic of Byelarusʹ --- República de Belarús --- Republik Belarus --- République de Bélarus --- Rėspublika Belarusʹ --- Respublika Byelarusʹ --- Weissrussland --- White Russia

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European Union --- Congresses --- European Union countries --- Belarus --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Biélorussie --- Foreign relations --- Congresses. --- Politics and government --- Relations extérieures --- Congrès --- Politique et gouvernement --- #SBIB:328H263 --- #SBIB:327.7H233 --- Instellingen en beleid: andere GOS-staten --- Europese Unie: externe relaties, buitenlands- en defensiebeleid (ook WEU) --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Biélorussie --- Relations extérieures --- Congrès --- E.U. --- EU countries --- Euroland --- Europe --- Republic of Belarus --- Rėspublika Belarusʹ --- Republic of Byelarusʹ --- Respublika Byelarusʹ --- Byelarus --- République de Bélarus --- República de Belarús --- Republik Belarus --- Weissrussland --- White Russia --- Belorussia --- Belorus --- Bielorussia --- Białoruś --- Беларусь --- Рэспубліка Беларусь --- Республика Беларусь --- ベラルーシ --- Berarūshi --- Byelorussian S.S.R. --- European Union countries - Foreign relations - Belarus - Congresses --- Belarus - Foreign relations - European Union countries - Congresses --- Belarus - Politics and government - 1991- - Congresses

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KEY ISSUES Context: Attempts to boost activity with policy stimulus, in lieu of much-needed structural reform, have failed to raise growth and contributed to large external imbalances. Adverse developments in the region further cloud the outlook. High financing needs and low buffers leave Belarus highly dependent on external financial support. The risk of disorderly adjustment remains high. Challenges: Mitigating immediate risks and facilitating external adjustment through a sharp change in macroeconomic policies. Advancing the transition to a market-based economy to raise sustainable growth. Policy recommendations: • Halt wage increases and reduce subsidized lending to slow demand growth; • Reduce foreign exchange interventions and tighten monetary policy to facilitate external adjustment; • Enhance market orientation of the economy through a rapid phase-out of price controls and mandatory targets and by privatization of state-owned enterprises.

Investments, Foreign --- Capital exports --- Capital imports --- FDI (Foreign direct investment) --- Foreign direct investment --- Foreign investment --- Foreign investments --- International investment --- Offshore investments --- Outward investments --- Capital movements --- Investments --- Belarus --- Republic of Belarus --- Rėspublika Belarusʹ --- Republic of Byelarusʹ --- Respublika Byelarusʹ --- Byelarus --- République de Bélarus --- República de Belarús --- Republik Belarus --- Weissrussland --- White Russia --- Belorussia --- Belorus --- Biélorussie --- Bielorussia --- Białoruś --- Беларусь --- Рэспубліка Беларусь --- Республика Беларусь --- ベラルーシ --- Berarūshi --- Byelorussian S.S.R. --- Commercial policy. --- Economic policy. --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Industries: Financial Services --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Finance --- Monetary economics --- External debt --- Public debt --- Loans --- Directed credit --- Financial institutions --- Money --- Debts, External --- Debts, Public --- Credit --- Belarus, Republic of