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This study reports an initial analysis of changes in relative peak electricity consumption for almost 4,000 industrial and commercial customers in ten U.S. utilities with time-of-day (TOD) rates now in effect. Relative peak loads declined about one percentage point on average when TOD rates were introduced. A small fraction of customers reduced their peak loads substantially, but most customers (including commercial customers as a whole) have apparently not as yet changed their consumption patterns in response to TOD rates. Average changes in load differ significantly by utility, industry, and year, and those changes are statistically related to the terms of the TOD rates that customers faced. Changes in load, while small in percentage terms, are large enough to justify TOD rates on a benefit/cost evaluation. Welfare gains average over $1,000 per year per customer, against a metering cost of approximately $65 per year when new meters are needed to monitor TOD rates.
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This report analyzes the results from three major experiments with time-of-use (TOU) electricity rates for residential customers. It finds that when common analytic and data handling techniques are used, the responses of residential customers to TOU rates are quite similar in California, North Carolina, and Wisconsin. The principal finding--that results of the major rate experiments can be transferred to other locations--should be of wide interest to electric utilities, regulatory bodies, and energy policymakers.
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Death --- Autopsy --- Postmortem changes --- diagnosis --- Time of --- Autopsy. --- Postmortem changes. --- Postmortem Changes. --- Time Factors. --- Time of. --- Death - diagnosis --- Death - Time of
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Time-of-flight mass spectrometry. --- Neutron cross sections.
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Mass spectrometry --- Time-of-flight mass spectrometry --- Testing. --- Testing.
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Liquid chromatography --- Mass spectrometry --- Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
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Mass spectrometry --- Time-of-flight mass spectrometry --- Testing. --- Testing.
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Theoretical spectroscopy. Spectroscopic techniques --- fysicochemie --- Time-of-flight mass spectrometry --- Congresses. --- Congresses --- 543.51 <063> --- 543.51 <063> Positive ray analysis. Mass spectrometry--Congressen --- Positive ray analysis. Mass spectrometry--Congressen --- Mass spectrometry --- Time measurements --- Time-of-flight mass spectrometry - Congresses. --- TOFMS (Time-of-flight mass spectrometry) --- Time-of-flight mass spectrometry - Congresses
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Entomologie --- Entomology --- Arthropoda --- Nécropsie --- Postmortem examination --- Death --- Forensic entomology. --- Postmortem changes. --- Time of. --- Medecine legale