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Uganda's fast growth, which has averaged more than 7 percent during the past two decades, has helped reduce poverty the proportion of people living in poverty in the early 1990s has declined to less than half, from 56 percent to 24.5 percent by 2010. However, the reduction in poverty was uneven, and in some cases, poverty increased and inequality persists between and within regions. Partly driven by the uneven reduction in poverty, persistent inequality, and rising unemployment, Ugandan authorities have raised concern about the inclusiveness of Uganda's development. New programs, including prosperity for all, are being undertaken by the government to raise the incomes of households and, hence, close the income gap. Many developing countries are facing the same challenge of reducing spatial differences in living standards. The structural transformation that takes place as countries grow from low to high incomes is accompanied with prosperity in a few places, as has been observed from the history of many developed countries, and is being repeated in many developing ones, such as China, India, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. This note is organized into six sections. Section two outlines the geography of living standards. Section three describes the transformation that has already happened in the geography of production and how it relates to the geography of living standards. Section four analyzes how the fluidity of two important markets in labor and land should contribute to Uganda's transformation and where the constraints to increased fluidity could be. A strategy for connecting people to prosperity is presented in section five. And finally, section six concludes with the summary of recommendations.

Access of Poor to Social Services --- Agricultural Productivity --- Child Mortality --- Economic Opportunities --- Human Development Index --- Labor Mobility --- Literacy --- Living Standards --- Maternal Health --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Development & Poverty

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Using household survey data, this paper estimates the mortality impact of improved water and sanitation access in order to evaluate the potential contribution of water and sanitation investment toward achieving the child mortality targets defined in Millennium Development Goal 4. The authors find that the average mortality reduction achievable by investment in water and sanitation infrastructure is 25 deaths per 1,000 children born across countries, a difference that accounts for about 40 percent of the gap between current child mortality rates and the 2015 target set in the Millennium Development Goals. According to the estimates, full household coverage with water and sanitation infrastructure could lead to a total reduction of 2.2 million child deaths per year in the developing world. Combining this analysis with cost data for water and sanitation infrastructure, the authors estimate that the average cost per life-year saved ranges between 65 and 80 percent of developing countries' annual gross domestic product per capita. The results suggest that investment in water and sanitation is a highly cost-effective policy option, even when only the mortality benefits are taken into consideration. Taking into account the additional expected benefits, such as reduced morbidity, time spending, and environmental hazards, would further increase the benefit-cost ratio.

Child Mortality --- Cost-Effective Policy --- Environmental Hazards --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Population Policies --- Sanitation Infrastructure --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Urban Water Supply and Sanitation --- Wastewater Treatment --- Water Accessibility --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions

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Although child mortality rates have declined all across the developing world over the past 40 years, they have declined the most in the Middle East and North Africa region. This paper documents this remarkable experience and shows that it is broad based in the sense that all countries in the Middle East and North Africa experienced significant declines in child mortality over this period and each country did better than most of its comparators. In looking for the sources of the region's performance edge, the paper confirms the importance of such determinants of child mortality as income growth, education stock, public spending on health, urbanization, and food sufficiency. In addition, the paper establishes that the initial level of mortality has a substantial influence on the pace of subsequent child mortality decline. Of these factors, food sufficiency status is found to contribute to the region's performance edge over all developing regions, while the other factors are found to matter to varying degrees in selected pairwise regional comparisons.

Adolescent Health --- Child Mortality --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Economic Development --- Food Subsidies --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Population Policies --- Public Health Spending

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The Human Capital Index (HCI is a cross-country metric measuring the human capital that a child born today can expect to attain by her 18th birthday, given the risks of poor health and poor education prevailing in her country. The global HCI is calculated for 157 countries using national averages of the component data. While the cross-country comparison of human capital outcomes is important, national averages mask significant differences along dimensions such as gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic location, which are likely associated with gaps in productivity. This report quantifies some of these human capital inequalities, with a special focus on socioeconomic and subnational spatial differences. The socioeconomic analysis covers 50 low- and middle-income countries where the data permit comparable disaggregation. The spatial analysis covers 11 low- and middle-income countries where the global HCI release sparked demand for analysis at the subnational level. As a result, rather than describing comprehensive trends, this booklet highlights the potential of detailed disaggregation for the design of well-targeted policies.

Child Mortality --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Education --- Education For All --- Education Indicators and Statistics --- Educational Attainment --- Health --- Health Indicators --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Income Distribution --- Inequality --- Stunting

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Infants --- Children --- Mortality --- Infant Mortality --- Child Mortality --- Delivery of Health Care --- History, Modern 1601 --- -Socioeconomic Factors --- #SBIB:314H222 --- Delivery of health care --- Delivery of medical care --- Health care --- Health care delivery --- Health services --- Healthcare --- Medical and health care industry --- Medical services --- Personal health services --- Public health --- Child mortality --- Infant mortality --- Childhood --- Kids (Children) --- Pedology (Child study) --- Youngsters --- Age groups --- Families --- Life cycle, Human --- Babies --- Infancy --- Death --- History. --- Statistical methods. --- history --- Kindersterfte en doodgeborenen --- Causes --- Death rate --- -Infant Mortality --- Socioeconomic Factors --- Death&delete& --- History --- Statistical methods