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The remolding of the state from an autocratic to a democratic one in postwar Japan is sometimes regarded as a successful case of external intervention for state-building. When Americans landed in Japan two weeks after Japan's acceptance of unconditional surrender, they expected to meet a fanatic and intransigent people. Instead they were surprised by the orderly and peaceful behavior of Japanese soldiers and citizens (Tamaki 2005, 13-20). Disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, and reintegration (into their home towns/villages) of millions of soldiers proceeded surprisingly smooth between 1945 and 1948. The authoritarian state gave way to a democratic one within two years of the beginning of the American occupation and democracy has persisted since1. And finally, the Japanese economy had already begun to experience high growth when the occupation ended in April 1952. In every respect, American occupation policies seem to have been successful. Against this image of the American occupation in Japan, this paper will argue that American policies were only partially helpful in the democratic remolding and economic development of postwar Japan. The prewar political and economic experiences of the Japanese themselves, and the psychological impact of the defeat, played equally important roles in the democratic rebirth of the Japanese state. Those in search of solutions to the development challenges facing fragile countries today should understand that Japan's 'success' did not begin in 1945 and was not the result of a peace settlement quickly followed by new institutions. The ground work for Japanese success was 80-90 years in the making. Analysis of state-building, economic development and democracy in Japan must start from the Meiji restoration of 1868.

Accountability --- Civil War --- Conflict --- Conflict and Development --- Corruption & anticorruption Law --- Crime --- Debt --- Democracies --- Developing Countries --- E-Government --- Economic Development --- Elections --- Governance --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Industrialization --- Law and Development --- Leadership --- Mass Media --- National Security --- Observers --- Parliamentary Government --- Political Institutions --- Political Parties --- Population Policies --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Primary Education --- Public Opinion --- Respect --- Skilled Workers --- Social Unrest --- Sovereignty --- Suffrage --- Terrorism --- Treaties --- Unions --- Violence

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BPB0801 --- #SBIB:327.4H60 --- #SBIB:324H72 --- 339.96 --- 301.18 --- P100-77 --- 339.96 Ontwikkelingshulp. Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Ontwikkelingsproblematiek --- Ontwikkelingshulp. Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Ontwikkelingsproblematiek --- Derde wereld: ontwikkeling, sociale verandering: algemeen --- Politieke verandering: conflictlijnen, nationalisme/federalisme --- sociale bewegingen --- ontwikkelingslanden - derde wereldlanden - onderontwikkelde landen - zuidelijk blok --- social structure --- Social unrest --- land policies --- sociocultural environment --- Latin America --- Africa --- Asia --- Middle East --- Sociology of the developing countries --- Civil society --- Developing countries --- Social movements --- Social movements - Developing countries --- Poverty

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Employers and workers organisations --- Community organization --- Labour conflicts --- Latin America --- Government, Resistance to --- Protest movements --- Social movements --- Résistance au gouvernement --- Contestation --- Mouvements sociaux --- Amérique latine --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- Trouble social --- Social unrest --- Organisations de la société civile --- Civil society organizations --- Organisation paysanne --- Farmers organizations --- Syndicat --- Trade unions --- Droits de l'homme --- human rights --- Système politique --- political systems --- Financement --- financing --- Amérique du Sud --- South America --- Résistance au gouvernement --- Amérique latine --- Government [Resistance to ] --- History --- 1990 --- -Social movements --- -Latin America --- 21st century

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Since 2005, a growing number of vulnerable communities and nations have used the human rights lexicon to argue their case for an urgent and ambitious response to climate change. The purpose of this Social Development Department Working paper is to examine the emergence of a new discourse linking climate change and human rights, and to assess its social and political implications, particularly as they relate to development practitioners. The scope of this paper is to explore what relevance this new discourse has on what David Kennedy calls the 'vocabularies, expertise, and sensibilities' of development practitioners (Kennedy 2005). The methodology for this paper involved interviews with academics and policy practitioners who have shaped this emerging discourse; a wide-ranging literature review of texts relevant to the fields of development, climate change and human rights; discussions with development professionals who have the daily responsibility of operationalizing approaches to reducing vulnerability and building resilience; and finally drawing upon the author's own experience leading the Maldives' government's initiative on the Human Dimensions of Climate Change and as a consultant within the Social Dimensions of Climate Change Cluster of the World Bank's Social Development Department. It is important to stress that this paper is not a legal piece. Human rights are as much about ethical demands, calls for social justice, public awareness, advocacy, and political action as they are concerned with legal norms and rules. Sen has pointed out a 'theory of human rights cannot be sensibly confined within the juridical model in which it is frequently incarcerated' (Sen 2004, 319). Consequently this piece will focus on the wider, political economy aspects of the interface between human rights and climate change. It is further appropriate to state that this is not an advocacy piece. The paper deliberately avoids being normative or prescriptive in recommending a human rights-based approach to developing climate change operations. It does examine why vulnerable populations chose to embrace this approach, why they continue to view it as a transformative strategy, and what some of the successes and challenges have been.

Biodiversity --- Capacity Building --- Carbon Sinks --- Cash Crops --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Coral Reefs --- Cyclones --- Developing Countries --- Development Policy --- Disasters --- Educational Attainment --- Emissions --- Environment --- Extreme Weather Events --- Floods --- Food Production --- Global Average Temperature --- Global Warming --- Good Governance --- Human Rights --- Humidity --- Hurricanes --- Indigenous Peoples --- Infant Mortality --- Informed Consent --- Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change --- International Law --- Law and Development --- Malaria --- Mental Health --- Methane --- Migration --- Millennium Development Goals --- National Security --- Natural Disasters --- Pesticides --- Population Density --- Precipitation --- Public Opinion --- Rainfall --- Respect --- Social Aspects of Climate Change --- Social Development --- Social Justice --- Social Unrest --- Soil Erosion --- Temperature --- Treaties --- Tropical Storms --- Tuberculosis --- Unemployment --- Vulnerable Groups --- Window of Opportunity

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L'image que l'on perçoit de Kinshasa est souvent celle d'un monde désordonné livré à lui-même : confusion, crise et chaos y règnent et il en émerge une forme bizarre de cannibalisme social où la société devient sa propre proie. L'âpreté de la vie que mènent ses habitants, les sacrifices qu'ils consentent au quotidien et les souffrances qu'ils endurent renforcent le sentiment d'une société livrée à l'anarchie et victime d'elle-même. Mais cette vision apocalyptique de Kinshasa, évoquant fortement celle du voyageur de jadis affrontant le "cœur des ténèbres", n'est que partiellement vraie. Malgré tous les problèmes qu'elle connaît et les drames qu'elle vit, Kinshasa constitue un espace social fascinant, à la fois vivace, inventif, et fantasmagorique. Cette ville tentaculaire, où de nouveaux schèmes de régulation et d'organisation se forment et se défont continuellement, est un lieu de contraste, de contradiction, voire de paradoxe. La créativité sociale s'y développe en dépit de la crise multiforme et durable que subit le pays, et même - peut-on dire - se nourrit de cette crise. Fonction et dysfonction, ordre et désordre se conjuguent au point de paraître se confondre. Les Kinois inventent de nouvelles formes d'organisation sociale afin de pallier la situation sinistrée que leur a légué l'État-nation post-colonial. Il s'agit d'un processus dynamique qui permet tout simplement aux gens ordinaires de continuer à vivre. C'est de cette réinvention de l'ordre que traite ce volume.

Political systems --- Economic structure --- Community organization --- Political sociology --- Kinshasa --- Social structure --- Organisation socioéconomique --- socioeconomic organization --- Changement social --- Social change --- Trouble social --- Social unrest --- Structure sociale --- social structure --- Environnement socioéconomique --- socioeconomic environment --- Condition sociale --- social conditions --- Développement socioéconomique --- socioeconomic development --- Democratic Republic of the Congo --- 323 <675> --- 323.27 --- #SBIB:39A73 --- #SBIB:328H412 --- Binnenlandse politiek--Zaïre. Belgisch Kongo --- Oproeren. Revolutie. Revolutionaire bewegingen. Staatsgreep --- Etnografie: Afrika --- Instellingen en beleid: Zaïre / Congo --- Order. --- 323.27 Oproeren. Revolutie. Revolutionaire bewegingen. Staatsgreep --- 323 <675> Binnenlandse politiek--Zaïre. Belgisch Kongo --- Political history --- Congo --- 20th-21st centuries --- Order --- Organization, Social --- Social organization --- Anthropology --- Sociology --- Social institutions --- Kinshasa (Congo) --- Kinshasa, Zaire --- Kinshasha (Congo) --- Kinshasa (Zaire) --- Ville de Kinshasa (Congo) --- Ville-Province de Kinshasa (Congo) --- Leopoldville (Congo) --- Economic conditions. --- Politics and government. --- Social conditions. --- Coût et niveau de la vie --- Kinshasa (Congo, République démocratique) --- Politique et gouvernement --- Conditions économiques --- Coût et niveau de la vie --- Conditions économiques