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L’essai in vivo d’électrophorèse sur gel en conditions alcalines de cellules isolées, aussi appelé test des comètes est une méthode mesurant les cassures de brins d’ADN dans les cellules eucaryotes. Chaque groupe traité est composé au minimum de 5 animaux d’un même sexe (ou de chaque sexe si besoin est). On utilise également un groupe témoin positif et un groupe témoin négatif. Les animaux reçoivent un traitement quotidien sur une durée de 2 jours ou plus, permettant au produit chimique d’essai d’atteindre le tissu cible, celui-ci peut être le foie, le rein, ou tous autres tissus si cela est justifié. Les tissus à étudier sont disséqués et des suspensions de cellules/noyaux isolés sont préparées, puis incluses dans un gel d’Agarose pour être fixé sur des lames. Les cellules/noyaux sont traitées avec un tampon de lyse pour éliminer la membrane cellulaire et/ou nucléaire. L’ADN nucléaire dans l’agar est ensuite soumis à une électrophorèse à pH élevé produisant des structures ressemblant à des comètes qui, si l’on utilise les colorants fluorescents appropriés, peuvent être observées par microscopie à fluorescence. En fonction de leur taille les fragments d’ADN migrent de la tête vers la queue de la comète, et l’intensité de la queue de la comète relative à l’intensité totale (tête plus queue) reflète l’ampleur des cassures de l’ADN.

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612.6 --- Nature and nurture --- Twins --- -Brothers and sisters --- Multiple birth --- Environment --- Genetics and environment --- Heredity and environment --- Nature --- Nature versus nurture --- Nurture and nature --- Genetics --- Heredity --- Human beings --- Voortplanting. Groei. Ontwikkeling --- Psychology --- Nurture --- Effect of environment on --- Nature and nurture. --- Psychology. --- -Voortplanting. Groei. Ontwikkeling --- Personality --- Environment and genetics --- Environment and heredity

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Nature and nurture. --- Sociobiology. --- Nature and nurture --- Sociobiology --- Biologism --- Environment --- Genetics and environment --- Heredity and environment --- Nature --- Nature versus nurture --- Nurture and nature --- Nurture --- Human biology --- Human evolution --- Psychology, Comparative --- Social evolution --- Genetics --- Heredity --- Human beings --- Social aspects --- Effect of environment on --- Environment and genetics --- Environment and heredity

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This Test Guideline is a screening method for the evaluation of ready biodegradability of chemicals. The test substance, normally at 20 mg C/L, as the sole source of carbon and energy, is incubated (during 28 days normally) in sealed bottles with aerobic condition containing a buffer-mineral salts medium, which has been inoculated with a mixed population of micro-organisms. In order to check the test procedure, a reference substance (aniline, sodium benzoate or ethylene glycol and 1-octanol) of known biodegradability should be tested in parallel. It is recommended that triplicate bottles be analysed after a sufficient number of time intervals. Also at least five test bottles (from test vessels, blank controls, and vessels with the reference substance) are analysed at the end of the test, to enable 95% confidence intervals to be calculated for the mean percentage biodegradation value. The CO2 evolution resulting from the ultimate aerobic biodegradation of the test substance is determined by measuring the Inorganic Carbon (IC) produced in the test bottles in excess of that produced in blank vessels containing inoculated medium only. The extent of biodegradation is expressed as a percentage of the theoretical maximum IC production (ThIC), based on the quantity of test substance added initially. Biodegradation >60% ThIC within the 10-d window in this test demonstrates that the test substance is readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions.

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Nature and nurture --- Psychology, Pathological --- #gsdbP --- Abnormal psychology --- Diseases, Mental --- Mental diseases --- Mental disorders --- Pathological psychology --- Psychology, Abnormal --- Psychopathology --- Environment --- Genetics and environment --- Heredity and environment --- Nature --- Nature versus nurture --- Nurture and nature --- Nurture --- Human genetics --- Social medicine --- Psychiatry --- Neurology --- Brain --- Criminal psychology --- Mental health --- Psychoanalysis --- Genetics --- Heredity --- Human beings --- Diseases --- Effect of environment on --- Environment and genetics --- Environment and heredity