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The boundary element method (BEM) has established itself as a powerful numerical analysis tool. The distinct feature of BEM is that it reduces the problem dimensionality by one. This implies that two- and three-dimensional problems can be solved in one and two dimensions, respectively. For this reason, BEM offers particular advantages in comparison with domain methods, such as the finite element method. BEM is a global technique, which is based on the superposition of the free-field Green's functions and as such, does not easily lend itself to the development of algebraic eigenvalue formulation. In the past two decades, research activities in this area have increased rapidly, which has resulted in a wealth of literature on BE eigenanalysis. In The Boundary Element Method, a chronological review of all BE eigenvalue methods that have been proposed to date is provided. Subjects treated range from an outline of the non-algebraic BE eigenvalue analysis technique, such as the Determinant Search Method, to in-depth consideration of more elegant BE algebraic eigenvalue formulations, such as the Dual and Multiple Reciprocity, Particular Integral, Fictitious Function and Series Expansion Methods. The fundamentals of BEM are also provided in the book. In order to illustrate application of the methods presented, numerous examples are included. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of each eigenformulation are discussed and recommendations are given to increase the robustness and reliability of BE eigenvalue analyses through future research in this evolving area. This book is intended for researchers and professionals in the field of engineering and BE code development. It provides comprehensive information on BEM and numerous ideas for future research. Moreover it would serve as a valuable textbook for the education of graduate engineering students.

Boundary element methods. --- Acoustical engineering --- Mathematical models.

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A reference guide to shari’ah governance in Islamic finance as practised in 17 countriesComprehensive treatment of shari’ah governance in Islamic financeCase studies of shari’ah governance practices from 17 key Islamic finance hubs: Bahrain, Bangladesh, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Kuwait, Malaysia, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Turkey, UK and EuropePresents key debates surrounding shari’ah governance practices in Islamic finance and critical analysis by leading scholars of the fieldBrings indigenous knowledge of Islamic finance from around the world to a wider English-language audienceSets an agenda for researchers in the fields of Islamic studies and Islamic finance, and for other social scientists studying the area of Islam and financeWritten by a group of prominent shari’ah scholars, academics and practitioners in the field of Islamic finance, this book contains 17 in-depth case studies of shari’ah governance practices and experiences as well as critical analysis of these practices. It serves as a standalone comprehensive reference work on shari’ah governance, containing an overview of its Islamic legal foundations, its evolution and development over the years, current practices and debates on shari’ah governance standards and future prospects for shari’ah governance in the global Islamic finance market.ContributorsDr Dalal Aassouli Professor Datuk Rifaat Ahmed Abdel KarimMahmood Ahmad Dr. Abdur Rahman Yusri Sarwat Ahson Assoc. Prof. Dr. Syed Musa Alhabshi Ashraf Gomma Ali Samir Alamad Dr. Ahmed M. Alkhan Wachid Asad Hanaan Balala Dr. Zeynep Topaloglu Calkan Dr. Jamshaid Anwar Chattha Amin Mohseni-CheraghlouDr. Osama Al Deraie Dr. Fuaad Al-Dulaimi Dr. Mohammad Omar Umar Farooq Safiudin Ahmad Fuad Hafas Furqani Dr. Ebrahim Gamal Zulkifli Hasan Professor Dr. M. Kabir HassanUsman Hayat Dr. Walid Hegazy Rifki Ismal Ruma KhanamSohaib KhanProf. Dr. Mohamad Akram Laldin Dr. Tariqullah Khan Ishraga KhattabMuslehuddin Musab MohammedMarjan Muhammad Mohamed Nafeel Mahboob Shariq NisarUmar OseniDr. Aida Othman Dr Ali Mohi AlDin Al-Quradaghi Bahnaz A. Al-QuradaghiBeebee Salma SairallyWijdan TariqMd. Hafij UllahSiraj YasiniAmir Ahmad Zolfaghari

Finance (Islamic law).