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This new edited volume analyzes the Middle East's political, strategic, and economic realities in 2015.

Economic history. --- 2000-2099 --- Middle East --- History --- Politics and government --- Economic conditions

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The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) looks ahead in this annual volume at the "flashpoints" that will likely arise in 2016, how best to deal with them, and what lasting effects they might leave for the next American administration and its allies around the world.

Security, International. --- World politics --- International economic relations --- History

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Arab countries --- United States --- Arab countries --- United States

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The Arab uprisings of 2011 created unexpected opportunities for religious radicals. Although many inside and outside the region initially saw the uprisings as liberal triumphs, illiberal forces have benefitted disproportionately. In Tunisia, formally marginalized jihadi-salafi groups appealed for mainstream support, and in Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood triumphed in elections. Even in Saudi Arabia, not known for either lively politics or for political entrepreneurship, a surprising array of forces praised the rise of 'Islamic democracy' under a Muslim Brotherhood banner. Yet, at the same time, the Arab Spring reinforced regional governments' advantages. The chaos engulfing parts of the region has convinced some citizens that they were better off with the governments they had, and many governments successfully employed old and new tools of repression to reinforce the status quo. In the Middle East, conflicts that many thought were coming to an end will continue, as will the dynamism and innovation that have emerged among radical and opposition groups. To face the current threats, governments will need to use many of their existing tools skillfully, but they will also need to judge what tools will no longer work, and what new tools they have at their disposal. The stakes could not be higher.

ARAB SPRING, 2010 --- -ISLAM AND POLITICS--ARAB COUNTRIES --- ISLAM AND POLITICS--MIDDLE EAST --- ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM--ARAB COUNTRIES --- ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM--MIDDLE EAST --- ARAB COUNTRIES--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT --- MIDDLE EAST--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT --- Radicalism --- Arab Spring, 2010 --- -Religious aspects --- Islam --- Influence --- Middle East --- Politics and government --- Radicalism - Middle East --- Radicalism - Religious aspects - Islam --- Arab Spring, 2010- - Influence --- Middle East - Politics and government - 21st century --- -Middle East

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The authors grapple with the requirements for a successful peacebuilding enterprise in Iraq, grounding their conclusions in a nuanced analysis of the sources of the country’s internal conflicts.