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Zonder onderwerpscode: wereldeconomie, ontwikkelingsproblematiek

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This article studies the extent to which participation in productive associations in Nicaragua contributes to increase individuals' access to social programs and credit services. By participating in productive associations, individuals give a good signal to firms and are rewarded with better transactions and more access to the services they provide, ceteris paribus. Estimates using 2005 data indicate that households that participate in productive associations display higher access to credit and to social programs that promote investment. Additionally, participation in productive associations is weakly associated to more favorable credit outcomes among those households that receive loans, such as lower interest rates and a lower probability of wanting more credit than what was accessible to them.

Collective --- Collective action --- Collective action problem --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Corporate Law --- Debt Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Housing and Human Habitats --- Individuals --- Insurance and Risk Mitigation --- Labor Policies --- Law and Development --- Municipality --- Principal-agent --- Principal-agent problems --- Proxy --- Public firms --- Social Protections and Labor --- Unions

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This article studies the extent to which participation in productive associations in Nicaragua contributes to increase individuals' access to social programs and credit services. By participating in productive associations, individuals give a good signal to firms and are rewarded with better transactions and more access to the services they provide, ceteris paribus. Estimates using 2005 data indicate that households that participate in productive associations display higher access to credit and to social programs that promote investment. Additionally, participation in productive associations is weakly associated to more favorable credit outcomes among those households that receive loans, such as lower interest rates and a lower probability of wanting more credit than what was accessible to them.

Collective --- Collective action --- Collective action problem --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Corporate Law --- Debt Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Housing and Human Habitats --- Individuals --- Insurance and Risk Mitigation --- Labor Policies --- Law and Development --- Municipality --- Principal-agent --- Principal-agent problems --- Proxy --- Public firms --- Social Protections and Labor --- Unions

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This note provides a general background of the main features of labor regulation in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and benchmarks them against international best practices. The note compiles information on available labor laws and other legal acts concerning employment protection regulation. Within the broader scope of labor regulation, and in order to assure regional comparability, information collected focuses on key issues in the labor law associated with commencing or terminating employment and during the period of employment (including maternity benefits). The main sources the data are the World Bank doing business 2010 and International Labour Organisation (ILO) databank. This note is a tool to provide policymakers and international organizations with a regional diagnose of how labor regulation affects labor market outcomes in MENA and inform client governments about strategic approaches to employment creation through labor policy and reform. This activity comes as a response to regional priorities in the context of the Arab World Initiative (AWI). One of the six strategic themes of the AWI focuses explicitly on employment creation as a top priority. Part of the World Bank's mandate under the AWI is to inform client governments about strategic approaches to employment creation through labor policy and reform.

Adverse Effects --- Child Labor --- Disadvantaged Groups --- Employment --- Employment Opportunities --- Employment Protection Legislation --- Employment Rates --- Health Insurance --- Human Capital --- Income Distribution --- Informal Sector --- Job Creation --- Labor Costs --- Labor Markets --- Labor Mobility --- Labor Policies --- Labor Policy --- Labor Relations --- Labor Standards --- Layoffs --- Life Expectancy --- Lifelong Learning --- Living Standards --- Market Economy --- Older Workers --- Political Economy --- Productivity --- Property Rights --- Recommendations --- Severance Pay --- Social Protections and Labor --- Strikes --- Technical Assistance --- Temporary Workers --- Trade Unions --- Unemployment --- Unskilled Workers --- Work & Working Conditions --- Workers --- Working Hours --- Younger Workers

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This paper revisits traditional human capital models and proposes a new conceptual framework of human capital accumulation, anchored in skills development, to illustrate the phenomenon and implications of youth economic disengagement. In the framework, youth economic disengagement is defined as a state (temporary or permanent) where individuals stop accumulating human capital due to inadequate access and quality of opportunities for skills development through formal education and employment. Total economic disengagement is a rational choice that individuals make when (i) the formal education system and labor market do not contribute to build skills that are valued by the labor market, and (ii) the costs related to economic engagement (that is, studying and working) surpass its benefits. The phenomenon of economic disengagement has lifelong implications that not only constrain and restrain future earnings, but also undermine prospects for improvements in productivity and economic growth.

Education --- Employment and Unemployment --- Human Capital Accumulation --- Labor Markets --- Neets --- Skills Development --- Social Protections and Labor --- Wage Determination --- Youth Economic Disengagement