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Is Judaism a religion, a culture, a nationality--or a mixture of all of these? In How Judaism Became a Religion, Leora Batnitzky boldly argues that this question more than any other has driven modern Jewish thought since the eighteenth century. This wide-ranging and lucid introduction tells the story of how Judaism came to be defined as a religion in the modern period--and why Jewish thinkers have fought as well as championed this idea. Ever since the Enlightenment, Jewish thinkers have debated whether and how Judaism--largely a religion of practice and public adherence to law--can fit into a modern, Protestant conception of religion as an individual and private matter of belief or faith. Batnitzky makes the novel argument that it is this clash between the modern category of religion and Judaism that is responsible for much of the creative tension in modern Jewish thought. Tracing how the idea of Jewish religion has been defended and resisted from the eighteenth century to today, the book discusses many of the major Jewish thinkers of the past three centuries, including Moses Mendelssohn, Abraham Geiger, Hermann Cohen, Martin Buber, Zvi Yehuda Kook, Theodor Herzl, and Mordecai Kaplan. At the same time, it tells the story of modern orthodoxy, the German-Jewish renaissance, Jewish religion after the Holocaust, the emergence of the Jewish individual, the birth of Jewish nationalism, and Jewish religion in America. More than an introduction, How Judaism Became a Religion presents a compelling new perspective on the history of modern Jewish thought.

Judaism --- History --- Philosophy.

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Leo Strauss and Emmanuel Levinas, two twentieth-century Jewish philosophers and two extremely provocative thinkers whose reputations have grown considerably, are rarely studied together. This is due to the disparate interests of many of their intellectual heirs. Strauss has influenced political theorists and policy makers on the right while Levinas has been championed in the humanities by different cadres associated with postmodernist thought. In Leo Strauss and Emmanuel Levinas: Philosophy and the Politics of Revelation, first published in 2006, Leora Batnitzky brings together these two seemingly incongruous contemporaries, demonstrating that they often had the same philosophical sources and their projects had many formal parallels. While such a comparison is valuable in itself for better understanding each figure, it also raises profound questions in the debate on the definitions of 'religion', suggesting ways that religion makes claims on both philosophy and politics.

Philosophy, Jewish. --- Philosophy, Modern --- Political science --- Philosophy. --- Strauss, Leo. --- Lévinas, Emmanuel, --- Cohen, Hermann, --- Jewish philosophy --- Political philosophy --- Jews --- Philosophy, Jewish --- Philosophy, Israeli --- Philosophy --- Lévinas, Emmanuel. --- Kohen, Herman, --- Kohen, Yeḥezḳel, --- Cohen, H. --- כהן, הרמן --- כהן, הרמן, --- כחן, הרמן --- Lévinas, Emmanuel. --- Lévinas, E. --- Leṿinas, ʻImanuʼel --- Levinas, Emani︠u︡el --- לוינס׳ עמנואל --- לוינס, עמנואל --- Līfīnās, Īmānwāl --- ليفيناس، إيمانوال --- Lévinas, Emmanuel --- Jewish philosophy. --- Arts and Humanities --- Religion --- Philosophy, Modern - 20th century. --- Political science - Philosophy. --- Lévinas, Emmanuel, - 1906-1995 --- Cohen, Hermann, - 1842-1918.

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Bible. --- Criticism, interpretation, etc.

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Modern statesmen and political theorists have long struggled to design institutions that will simultaneously respect individual freedom of religion, nurture religion's capacity to be a force for civic good and human rights, and tame religion's illiberal tendencies. Moving past the usual focus on personal free expression of religion, this illuminating book - written by renowned scholars of law and religion from the United States, England, and Israel - considers how the institutional design of both religions and political regimes influences the relationship between religious practice and activity and human rights. The authors examine how the organization of religious communities affects human rights, and investigate the scope of a just state's authority with respect to organized religion in the name of human rights. They explore the institutional challenges posed by, and possible responses to, the fraught relationship between religion and rights in the world today.

Human rights --- Civil rights --- Human rights. --- Civil rights. --- Religion and state. --- Freedom of religion. --- Freedom of religion --- Freedom of worship --- Intolerance --- Liberty of religion --- Religious freedom --- Religious liberty --- Separation of church and state --- Freedom of expression --- Liberty --- State and religion --- State, The --- Basic rights --- Civil liberties --- Constitutional rights --- Fundamental rights --- Rights, Civil --- Constitutional law --- Political persecution --- Civil rights (International law) --- Rights, Human --- Rights of man --- Human security --- Transitional justice --- Truth commissions --- Religious aspects. --- Law and legislation --- Religious aspects --- Human rights - Religious aspects. --- Civil rights - Religious aspects. --- Human Rights.