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Biological techniques --- Neuropathology --- Animal biochemistry --- Human biochemistry --- Neurochemistry --- Neurophysiology --- Technique. --- Nervous system --- Neurobiology --- Physiology --- Biochemistry --- Neurosciences --- Neurosciences. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences

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E. Neher and B. Sakman were the first to monitor the opening and closing of single ion channels and membranes by conductance measurements. In 1976, they used firepolished micropipets with a tip diameter of 3-5 pm to record currents from a small patch of the membrane of skeletal muscles, thereby decreasing background membrane noise. In order to reduce the dominant source of background noise-the leakage shunt under the pipet rim between m- the muscle membrane had to be treated brane and gla- enzymatically. Despite these early limitations, a new technique was born -the patch-clamp technique. The final break- through came in 1981 when the same authors, in collaboration with 0. P. Hamill, A. Marty, and F. J. Sigworth, developed the gigaohm seal. Not only did this improve the quality of recordings, it was now possible to gently pull the membrane patch with the attached pipet off the cell and study its trapped ion channels in isolation. Another offshoot of the gigaohm seal technique was the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, in which the patch is ruptured without breaking the seal. This technique is really a sophisticated voltage-clamp technique and also allows for the altering of cytoplasmic constituents if the experimenter so wishes. The first part of Patch-Clamp Applications and Protocols presents modern developments associated with the technology of patch-clamp electrodes, of cell-free ion channel recording, and of the whole-cell patch-clamp technique.

General biophysics --- Physiology of nerves and sense organs --- Patch-Clamp Techniques --- Electrophysiology --- Biophysics --- Physiology --- Cytological Techniques --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Clinical Laboratory Techniques --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Investigative Techniques --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Patch-clamp techniques (Electrophysiology) --- Methodology. --- Animal electricity --- Bioelectricity --- Electricity, Animal --- Electrobiology --- Neurology --- Electricity --- Clamping, Patch (Electrophysiology) --- Patch-clamp recording (Electrophysiology) --- Patch-clamp technique (Electrophysiology) --- Patch clamping (Electrophysiology) --- Physiological effect --- Technique --- Neurosciences. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system

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The use of the patch pipet has moved from a specialized to a mainstream method that can be combined with other techniques to perform complex and novel operations. In Patch-Clamp Analysis: Advanced Techniques, Wolfgang Walz and his colleagues bring together a team of leading academic researchers to describe in reproducible detail all the most important patch-clamp methods. Beginning with updated basic patch-clamp techniques, these hands-on experts present the newest developments, ranging from fast external solution switching and the switching of the pipet solution during recording, to the loose-patch, the perforated-patch, and the patch-cram detection technique. Coverage of these advanced techniques combines their molecular biology and imaging to produce the patch pipet with RT-PCR and fluorometric techniques. All the methods included describe the theoretical background, offer complete startup help, and provide tips on solving common problems and analyzing data. Comprehensive and highly practical, Patch-Clamp Analysis: Advanced Techniques surveys all the major applications that involve patch pipets and sets the stage for the emergence of today's new applications involving genomics, proteomics, and sophisticated imaging techniques.

General biophysics --- Physiology of nerves and sense organs --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Electrophysiology -- Methodology. --- Patch-clamp techniques (Electrophysiology). --- Patch-Clamp Techniques --- Electrophysiology --- Physiology --- Biophysics --- Cytological Techniques --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Clinical Laboratory Techniques --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Investigative Techniques --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Patch-clamp techniques (Electrophysiology) --- Methodology. --- Clamping, Patch (Electrophysiology) --- Patch-clamp recording (Electrophysiology) --- Patch-clamp technique (Electrophysiology) --- Patch clamping (Electrophysiology) --- Animal electricity --- Bioelectricity --- Electricity, Animal --- Electrobiology --- Neurology --- Electricity --- Technique --- Physiological effect --- Neurosciences. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system

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If one envisages neuroscience as a pyramid, with the more mole- lar disciplines forming the base and the more integrative d- ciplines positioned above, then neuropsychology clearly would be near the tip. Neuropsychology seeks to find order in the ultimate product of all neural systems, namely behavior, and to relate that product to its neural substrate. Relationships between brain and behavior are sought, but reductionistic explanations are eschewed. Attempting to “explain” complex behaviors in terms of neuronal activity is no more satisfying than attempting to “explain” artificial intelligence in terms of voltages within a computer’s central pr- essing unit. If one is to comprehend the functioning of either the brain or the digital computer, one must know something about not only the structure and mechanics of the device, but also the prin- ples according to which components of the device are organized and the context in which the device is operating (e.g., environm- tal inputs and stored information).

Behavioral neurology --- Clinical neuropsychology --- Klinische neuropsychologie --- Neurology [Behavioral ] --- Neuropsychological tests --- Neuropsychologie clinique --- Neuropsychologische tests --- Tests neuropsychologiques --- Neuropsychological tests. --- Clinical neuropsychology. --- Neurology, Behavioral --- Neuropsychological assessment --- Neuropsychological evaluation --- Tests, Neuropsychological --- Clinical psychology --- Neuropsychology --- Neurologic examination --- Psychological tests --- Neurosciences. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system

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The study of drug effects on behavior is truly a confluence of streams of neuroscience research. The material in this volume covers a broad range of methodology representative of practically the entire scope of psychopharmacology for conscious animals. The contributions in this book represent careful evaluations by experts who were invited to participate because of their excellent practical application of research design and methodology. In each case, a particularly useful and well-written contribution has been forthcoming, and should serve either as a valuable introduction to developing researchers or as a practical reference to those active in the field. The material is arranged in an intuitive hierarchy. This arrangement is based on what are ostensibly increasing levels of integrated activity of the nervous system and, therefore, increasing levels of behavioral integration. Nevertheless, as all of the areas covered are rather detailed in their levels of intrinsic complexity, this arrangement of chapters does not imply successively more intricate problems. The reader will find some overlap between chapters, but little interdependence, i.e., each may be read as a separate or as an integral part of the volume.

Psychopharmacology --- Pharmacology --- Psychiatric Somatic Therapies --- Behavioral Sciences --- Behavioral Disciplines and Activities --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Health Occupations --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Methodology --- Research --- Natural Sciences --- Physical Sciences --- Discipline, Natural Science --- Disciplines, Natural Science --- Natural Science --- Natural Science Discipline --- Physical Science --- Science, Natural --- Science, Physical --- Sciences, Natural --- Sciences, Physical --- Health Professions --- Health Occupation --- Health Profession --- Occupation, Health --- Occupations, Health --- Profession, Health --- Professions, Health --- Biologic Sciences --- Biological Science --- Science, Biological --- Sciences, Biological --- Biological Sciences --- Life Sciences --- Biologic Science --- Biological Science Discipline --- Discipline, Biological Science --- Disciplines, Biological Science --- Life Science --- Science Discipline, Biological --- Science Disciplines, Biological --- Science, Biologic --- Science, Life --- Sciences, Biologic --- Sciences, Life --- Proxemics --- Behavioral Science --- Proxemic --- Science, Behavioral --- Sciences, Behavioral --- Psychiatric Somatic Therapy --- Somatic Therapies, Psychiatric --- Therapies, Psychiatric Somatic --- Somatic Therapy, Psychiatric --- Therapy, Psychiatric Somatic --- Pharmacologies --- Pharmaceutical Preparations --- Behavioral pharmacology --- Drugs --- pharmacology --- Psychotropic effects --- Neurosciences. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system