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Lay politics lies at the heart of democracy. Political offices are the only offices for which no formal qualifications are required. Contemporary political practices are diametrically opposed to this constitutional ideal. Most democracies in Western Europe are diploma democracies - ruled by those with the highest formal qualifications. Citizens with low or medium educational qualifications currently make up about 70 percent of the electorates, yet they have become virtually absent from almost all political arenas. University graduates have come to dominate all political institutions and venues, from political parties, parliaments and cabinets, to organised interests, deliberative settings, and Internet consultations. This rise of a political meritocracy is part of larger trend. In the information society, educational background, like class or religion, is an important source of social and political divides. Those who are well educated tend to be cosmopolitans, whereas the lesser educated citizens are more likely to be nationalists.This book documents the context, contours, and consequences of this rise of a political meritocracy. It explores the domination of higher educated citizens in political participation, civil society, and political office in Western Europe. It discusses the consequences of this rise of a political meritocracy, such as descriptive deficits, policy incongruences, biased standards, and cynicism and distrust. Also, it looks at ways to remedy, or at least mitigate, some of the negative effects of diploma democracy.

#SBIB:324H50 --- #SBIB:324H41 --- Politieke participatie en legitimiteit (referenda, directe democratie, publieke opinie...) --- Politieke structuren: elite --- Démocratie participative --- Science politique --- BPB1804 --- Démocratie --- Participatieve democratie --- Politieke wetenschap --- Democratie --- Political systems --- Political sociology --- δημοκρατία --- demokrácia --- demokrātija --- democracia --- demokraatia --- democrazia --- demokracija --- demokratija --- democrație --- democracy --- demokratia --- demokracie --- demokracja --- demokrati --- demokraci --- demokracia --- democratie --- Demokratie --- demokrazija --- демокрация --- демократија --- politický pluralizmus --- pluralizm polityczny --- πολιτικός πλουραλισμός --- folkstyre --- folkestyre --- politiek pluralisme --- politischer Pluralismus --- politiskais plurālisms --- demokrātiska vienlīdzība --- politikai pluralizmus --- égalité démocratique --- politický pluralismus --- ugwaljanza demokratika --- pluraliżmu politiku --- barazi demokratike --- pluralismo político --- politinis pliuralizmas --- politisk jämlikhet --- демократична равнопоставеност --- igualdad democrática --- democratische gelijkheid --- demokratische Gleichheit --- δημοκρατικό πολίτευμα --- demokraattinen yhdenvertaisuus --- poliittinen pluralismi --- demokratična enakost --- democratic equality --- demokratikus egyenlőség --- pluralisme politique --- politisk mångfald --- demokraatlik võrdsus --- igualdade democrática --- politisk pluralism --- ludowładztwo --- политически плурализъм --- politisk pluralisme --- pluralism politic --- pluralismo politico --- pluralizëm politik --- demokratická rovnost --- politički pluralizam --- uguaglianza democratica --- politični pluralizem --- egalitate democratică --- demokratická rovnosť --- political pluralism --- poliitiline pluralism --- demokratinė lygybė --- политички плурализам --- politikas zinātne --- valtio-oppi --- ciencia política --- политички науки --- politične vede --- scienze politiche --- nauki polityczne --- politológia --- politisk videnskab --- ciência política --- politieke wetenschap --- политичке науке --- političke znanosti --- political science --- politische Wissenschaft --- politologija --- politologie --- shkenca politike --- politoloogia --- πολιτική επιστήμη --- știință politică --- политическа наука --- xjenza politika --- statsvetenskap --- политичка теорија --- Politologie --- statskundskab --- politikatudomány --- politické vědy --- státověda --- Politikwissenschaft --- ştiinţe politice --- politicologie --- statskunskap --- teorie politiky --- politoloģija --- политикологија --- politikos mokslas --- правно-политички науки --- deltagelsesdemokrati --- osallistava demokratia --- partizipative Demokratie --- democrație participativă --- democrazia partecipativa --- participativní demokracie --- συμμετοχική δημοκρατία --- deltagandedemokrati --- osalusdemokraatia --- demokrazija parteċipattiva --- demokraci pjesëmarrëse --- participatieve democratie --- līdzdalības demokrātija --- dalyvaujamoji demokratija --- részvételi demokrácia --- daonlathas rannpháirtíochta --- партиципативна демократија --- партиципативна демокрация --- participatívna demokracia --- democracia participativa --- participatory democracy --- demokracja uczestnicząca --- participativna demokracija --- participative democracy --- δημοκρατική συμμετοχή --- demokratische Partizipation --- demokratisk deltagelse --- demokratická participácia --- demokraatlik osalus --- demokratinis dalyvavimas --- parteċipazzjoni demokratika --- participation démocratique --- uczestnictwo w demokracji --- sudionička demokracija --- participación democrática --- demokratikus részvétel --- osallistuva demokratia --- pjesëmarrje demokratike --- демократско учество --- demokratična udeležba --- demokrātiskā līdzdalība --- democratic participation --- demokratische Mitbestimmung --- participare democratică --- democratische participatie --- demokratiskt deltagande --- participação democrática --- részvételen alapuló demokrácia --- демократско учешће --- demokratická účast --- partecipazione democratica --- учествувачка демократија --- Political culture. --- Merit (Ethics) --- Elite (Social sciences) --- Democracy. --- Political aspects. --- Political activity. --- daonlathas --- eolaíocht pholaitiúil --- Démocratie --- Démocratie participative

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The Real World of EU Accountability reports the findings of a major empirical study into patterns and practices of accountability in European governance. The product of a 4-year, path-breaking project, this book assesses to what extent and how the people that populate the key arenas where European public policy is made or implemented are held accountable. Using a systematic analytical framework, it examines not just the formal accountability arrangements but also documentsand compares how these operate in practice. In doing so, it provides a unique, empirically grounded contribution to the piv

Public administration --- Political sociology --- European Union --- Government accountability --- Obligation de rendre compte (Administration publique) --- European Union. --- European Union countries --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Politics and government. --- Politique et gouvernement --- #SBIB:327.7H220 --- #SBIB:35H410 --- #SBIB:35H415 --- Europese Unie: instellingen en besluitvorming --- Beleidscyclus: algemene werken --- Beleidscyclus: evaluatie --- -341.2422 --- Accountability in government --- Responsibility --- Electronic information resources. --- Electronic information resources --- -EU countries --- Euroland --- Europe --- Politics and government --- -Electronic information resources --- E-books --- European Union countries - Politics and government. --- Government accountability - European Union countries. --- Government - Non-U.S. --- Government - Europe --- Law, Politics & Government --- -Politics and government --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- E.U.

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Legal theory and methods. Philosophy of law --- Netherlands

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This provocative study shows the downside of meritocracy, the equality ideology embarrassed by western European countries

Equality. --- Social stratification. --- Social structure. --- Consumer Participation --- Patient Acceptance of Health Care --- Public Policy --- Professional-Patient Relations --- Health Policy --- Patient Participation --- Physician-Patient Relations --- Social Control Policies --- Interpersonal Relations --- Attitude to Health --- Community Health Services --- Consumer Organizations --- Delivery of Health Care --- Psychology, Social --- Policy --- Organizations --- Social Control, Formal --- Health Services --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Health Care --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Sociology --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Social Sciences --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Social capital (Sociology) --- Democracy. --- Self-government --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Capital, Social (Sociology) --- Political science --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Democracy --- Liberty

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