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This is the story of how one company created and codified a new science "on the run," away from the confines of the laboratory. By construing its service as scientific, Schlumberger was able to get the edge on the competition and construct an enviable niche for itself in a fast-growing industry. In the engaging account, Geoffrey Bowker reveals how Schlumberger devised a method of testing potential oil fields, produced a rhetoric, and secured a position that allowed it to manipulate the definition of what a technology is. Bowker calls the heart of the story "The Two Measurements That Worked," and he renders it in the style of a myth. In so doing, he shows seamlessly how society becomes embedded even in that most basic and seemingly value-dependent of scientific concepts: the measurement. Bowker describes the origins and peregrinations of Schlumberger, details the ways in which the science developed in the field was translated into a form that could be defended in a patent court, and analyzes the company's strategies within the broader context of industrial science.

Oil field equipment and supplies industry --- Oil well drilling --- Electronic industries --- Research, Industrial --- Industries --- Business & Economics --- Contract research --- Industrial research --- Research --- Engineering experiment stations --- Inventions --- Technological innovations --- Electronics industry --- Electric industries --- Drilling, Oil well --- Oil well boring --- Petroleum --- Well drilling, Oil --- Boring --- Oil fields --- Petroleum engineering --- History. --- History --- Well-boring --- Production methods --- Equipment and supplies --- Schlumberger Limited --- Schlumberger (Corporation) --- Schlumberger Surenco S.A. --- Prospecting --- France

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Philosophy of science --- Information systems --- information technology --- wetenschapsfilosofie

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La décentralisation est au cœur de la genèse de l'internet, dont l'objectif premier était de faire communiquer des machines hétérogènes et distantes, sans passer par un point unique. Aujourd'hui, la concentration domine, autour de macro-acteurs, ces « géants » dont les immenses fermes de serveurs voient passer l'essentiel du trafic du web. Pourtant, le principe originel n'a pas été entièrement abandonné et, dans tous les domaines d'application, des développeurs explorent des alternatives décentralisées. Ces « nains » proposent des moteurs de recherche, des réseaux sociaux, des espaces de stockage qui répartissent ressources et compétences entre les membres du réseau. Cet ouvrage explore les formes d'organisation décentralisées de l'internet : il montre comment un réseau qui répartit la responsabilité de son fonctionnement à ses marges, en s'organisant selon un modèle non - ou faiblement - hiérarchisé, peut se développer dans l'internet contemporain si fortement structuré. Un tel dispositif pose des questions d'organisation des marchés, d'efficacité des techniques, de durabilité des modèles, ainsi que de protection de la vie privée et de droit des données personnelles. Comme le fait remarquer Geoffrey Bowker dans sa préface, cet ouvrage nous conduit à interroger la gouvernance d'internet, et, pour comprendre cette question sociotechnique clef de notre temps, il nous faut analyser les alternatives au fonctionnement actuel. C'est précisément ce que fait, d'une manière fine et informée, Nains sans géants.

Architecture. --- Internet service providers. --- IAPs (Internet service providers) --- Internet access providers --- Internet service industry --- ISPs (Internet service providers) --- Internet industry --- Architecture, Primitive --- Architecture, Western (Western countries) --- Building design --- Buildings --- Construction --- Western architecture (Western countries) --- Art --- Building --- Design and construction --- IMS (protocole de réseaux d'ordinateurs) --- réseaux sociaux --- décentralisation --- internet

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This book marks an important contribution to the fascinating debate on the role that information infrastructures and boundary objects play in contemporary life, bringing to the fore the concern of how cooperation across different groups is enabled, but also constrained, by the material and immaterial objects connecting them. As such, the book itself is situated at the crossroads of various paths and genealogies, all focusing on the problem of the intersection between different levels of scale.

Computer networks --- Social aspects.

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