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The polycrystalline and nanocrystalline states play an increasingly important role in exploiting the properties of materials, encompassing applications as diverse as pharmaceuticals, catalysts, solar cells and energy storage. A knowledge of the three-dimensional atomic and molecular structure of materials is essential for understanding and controlling their properties, yet traditional single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods lose their power when only polycrystalline and nanocrystalline samples are available. It is here that powder diffraction and single-crystal electron diffraction techniques take over, substantially extending the range of applicability of the crystallographic principles of structure determination.  This volume, a collection of teaching contributions presented at the Crystallographic Course in Erice in 2011, clearly describes the fundamentals and the state-of-the-art of powder diffraction and electron diffraction methods in materials characterisation, encompassing a diverse range of disciplines and materials stretching from archeometry to zeolites.   As such, it is a comprehensive and valuable resource for those wishing to gain an understanding of the broad applicability of these two rapidly developing fields.

Powders --- X-rays --- Crystallography --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Materials Science --- Optical properties --- Measurement --- Diffraction --- Rays, Roentgen --- Roentgen rays --- Roentgenograms --- Powder --- Physics. --- Crystallography. --- Materials science. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Materials Science, general. --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Materials. --- Crystallography and Scattering Methods. --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Leptology --- Physical sciences --- Mineralogy --- Materials --- Electromagnetic waves --- Ionizing radiation --- Radiation --- Cathode rays --- Radiography --- Vacuum-tubes --- Bulk solids --- Crystals --- Material science