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The paper surveys three broad categories of labor market institutions in Italy: employment protection legislation, unemployment benefit systems, and wage bargaining arrangements. In each case, the recent evolution and current state of Italian institutions are evaluated and compared with those in other major European countries.

Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Labor Economics: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Labour --- income economics --- Labor markets --- Economic theory --- Labor economics --- Labor market --- Italy

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This paper outlines the main characteristics and the development of the centrally planned economic sysetm in Romania before the beginnings of the transition to a market eonomy it then presents the design, objectives, and implementation of the reform program.

Economic policy and planning (general) --- Romania --- Post-communism --- -RO / Romania - Roemenië - Roumanie --- 338.340 --- 331.31 --- 331.33 --- 331.32 --- 331.30 --- 333.481 --- 338.24 <498> --- 338.22 <498> --- politique economique --- reforme economique --- roumanie --- Postcommunism --- World politics --- Communism --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld. --- Economisch beleid. --- Structureel beleid. Reglementering. Dereglementering. Ordnungspolitik. --- Structuur van de economie. --- Economische toestand. --- Monetaire crisissen, hervormingen, saneringen en stabilisering. --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Roemenië --- Economische organisatieleer. Economisch beleid. Economische politiek--Roemenië --- economisch beleid --- economische hervorming --- roemenie --- Economic policy. --- Working papers --- 338.22 <498> Economische organisatieleer. Economisch beleid. Economische politiek--Roemenië --- 338.24 <498> Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Roemenië --- RO / Romania - Roemenië - Roumanie --- Economische toestand --- Economisch beleid --- Structuur van de economie --- Structureel beleid. Reglementering. Dereglementering. Ordnungspolitik --- Monetaire crisissen, hervormingen, saneringen en stabilisering --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Demography --- Taxation --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions --- Privatization --- Contracting Out --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Labor Economics: General --- Demographic Economics: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Banking --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Population & demography --- Labor --- Population and demographics --- External debt --- Tariffs --- Taxes --- Credit --- Money --- Banks and banking --- Labor economics --- Population --- Tariff

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Government wage, benefit, and employment decisions are not taken on a profit-maximizing basis and have a substantial impact on aggregate labor market performance and unemployment. In a two-sector labor market model with free mobility of labor, an increase in government wages or benefits reduces private sector employment, and government employment is not an effective counter-cyclical instrument. Empirical tests for Greece confirm that the expansion of the public sector in the 1980s contributed to the deterioration of labor market performance.

Labor --- Models of Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior --- Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: Household --- Wage Level and Structure --- Wage Differentials --- Public Sector Labor Markets --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Labour --- income economics --- Labor markets --- Public employment --- Public sector wages --- Labor market --- Economic theory --- Greece

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With the start of the process of its transition to a market economy in early 1990, Romania joined the ranks of other reforming Eastern European countries. At the starting point of its reform program, however, Romania was in a deep economic and institutional crisis and had no experience in even modest attempts to reform its economy. This paper outlines the main characteristics of the Romanian economic system before the reform, and presents the evolution of the reform program, as well as its achievements in the first year or so since it was launched.

Banks and Banking --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Taxation --- Exports and Imports --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: General --- Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions --- Privatization --- Contracting Out --- Trade: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Banking --- Monetary economics --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Bank credit --- Commercial banks --- Tariffs --- Taxes --- Financial institutions --- Exports --- International trade --- Labor --- Economic sectors --- Banks and banking --- Credit --- Tariff --- Labor economics --- Romania

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There are demands on central banks and financial regulators to take on new responsibilities for supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy. Regulators can indeed facilitate the reorientation of financial flows necessary for the transition. But their powers should not be overestimated. Their diagnostic and policy toolkits are still in their infancy. They cannot (and should not) expand their mandate unilaterally. Taking on these new responsibilities can also have potential pitfalls and unintended consequences. Ultimately, financial regulators cannot deliver a low-carbon economy by themselves and should not risk being caught again in the role of ‘the only game in town.’.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Environmental Economics --- Business and Financial --- Environmental Policy --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Environmental Economics: General --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Climate change --- Financial services law & regulation --- Environmental economics --- Environmental policy & protocols --- Environment --- Financial regulation and supervision --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Climatic changes --- Financial services industry --- Law and legislation --- Environmental sciences --- Environmental policy --- China, People's Republic of