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International relations --- Relations internationales --- Handbooks, manuals, etc --- Guides, manuels, etc --- Handbooks, manuals, etc.

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Democracy --- Dictatorship --- Historiography --- Nineteen sixty-eight, A.D --- Politics, Practical --- History --- History --- History

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Human rights --- Droits de l'homme (Droit international) --- Council of Europe --- Chechnia (Russia) --- Europe --- Russia (Federation) --- Tchétchénie (Russie) --- Russie --- History --- Foreign relations --- Histoire --- Relations extérieures --- Geopolitics. --- Council of Europe. --- Chechni͡a (Russia) --- Tchétchénie (Russie) --- Relations extérieures

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Exchanges between different cultures and institutions of learning have taken place for centuries, but it was only in the twentieth century that such efforts evolved into formal programs that received focused attention from nation-states and empires. Global Exchanges provides a wide-ranging overview of this underresearched topic, examining the scope and scale of organized exchanges around the globe through the twentieth century. In doing so it dramatically reveals the true extent of organized exchange and its essential contribution to the formation of global networks so often taken for granted today.

Educational exchanges --- Scholarships --- International education --- Higher education and state --- History --- Education --- Bourses d'études --- Education internationale --- Enseignement supérieur --- Echanges internationaux --- Histoire --- Politique gouvernementale --- Education, Higher --- State and higher education --- Global education --- Bursaries --- Fellowships --- Funds, Scholarship --- Scholarship funds --- Exchanges, Educational --- International educational exchanges --- Government policy --- Bourses d'études --- Enseignement supérieur --- Education and state --- Intellectual cooperation --- Internationalism --- Endowment of research --- Student aid --- Student loans --- Exchange of persons programs