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Long ago, fish fins evolved into the limbs of land vertebrates and tetrapods. During this transition, some elements of the fin were carried over while new features developed. Lizard limbs, bird wings, and human arms and legs are therefore all evolutionary modifications of the original tetrapod limb. A comprehensive look at the current state of research on fin and limb evolution and development, this volume addresses a wide range of subjects-including growth, structure, maintenance, function, and regeneration. Divided into sections on evolution, development, and transformations, the book begins with a historical introduction to the study of fins and limbs and goes on to consider the evolution of limbs into wings as well as adaptations associated with specialized modes of life, such as digging and burrowing. Fins into Limbs also discusses occasions when evolution appears to have been reversed-in whales, for example, whose front limbs became flippers when they reverted to the water-as well as situations in which limbs are lost, such as in snakes. With contributions from world-renowned researchers, Fins into Limbs will be a font for further investigations in the changing field of evolutionary developmental biology.

Extremities (Anatomy) --- Limbs (Anatomy) --- Anatomy --- Evolution. --- regeneration, function, maintenance, structure, growth, development, evolution, fin, limb, biology, zoology, science, fish, land vertebrates, tetrapods, bird, wings, lizard, modification, adaptation, digging, burrowing, skeletal changes, transition, locomotion, aquatic, flight, nonfiction, digit reduction, ossicles, sesamoids, reptiles, amphibians, osteogenesis, chondrogenesis.

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Developmental biology. --- Evolution (Biology).

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Cell determination. --- Cell differentiation.

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The evolution of the neural crest sheds light on many of the oldest unanswered questions in developmental biology, including the role of germ layers in early embryogenesis, the development of the nervous system, how the vertebrate head arose developmentally and evolutionarily, and how growth factors and Hox genes direct cell differentiation and embryonic patterning. In this new edition of his essential work, The Neural Crest in Development and Evolution, Brian Hall has provided an up-to-date technically and intellectually rigorous synthesis of knowledge of all aspects of the neural crest and of neural crest cells (NCCs). These ten chapters are organized into three parts: (I) The discovery, and developmental and evolutionary origins of the neural crest; (II) cellular and tissue derivatives of the neural crest; (III) and tumors and birth defects arising from abnormal NCCs. The genetic and cellular bases for the identification of NCCs as early as during gastrulation, for induction of the neural crest, NCC delamination, migration and differentiation — understanding of all of which has increased enormously over the past decade — are discussed in depth in Part I. The evolutionary origin(s) of the neural crest is examined through an analysis of fossils, and of cell types, genes and gene networks in extant cephalochordates (amphioxus) and in ascidians. Four chapters grouped as Part II examine all aspects of neural crest-derived pigment cells, neurons, skeletal, cardiac and tooth-forming cells, with emphasis on how and when subpopulations of NCCs are specified and how their differentiation is controlled. The two chapters in Part III revisit NCC development in the context of tumors (neurocristopathies) and birth defects, with emphasis on genetic pathways, regulation of cell populations, and whether NCCs can be considered to be stem cells. About the Author: About the Author: Dr. Brian K. Hall has devoted much of his career to the study of the evolution and development of neural crest-derived skeletal tissues. He is a University Research Professor Emeritus at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Canada, a Visiting Distinguished Professor at Arizona State University in Tempe, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and a foreign fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. .

Neural Crest --embryology. --- Vertebrates --anatomy & histology. --- Vertebrates --Development. --- Vertebrates --Evolution. --- Neural crest --- Developmental neurobiology --- Neural Crest --- Crest, Neural --- Ganglionic crest --- Ganglionic ridge --- Life sciences. --- Human genetics. --- Cell biology. --- Developmental biology. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Neurobiology. --- Anthropology. --- Life Sciences. --- Developmental Biology. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Cell Biology. --- Human Genetics. --- Neural crest. --- Development (Biology) --- Biology --- Growth --- Ontogeny --- Embryology --- Nervous system --- Evolution (Biology). --- Cytology. --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Human beings --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Neurosciences --- Primitive societies --- Social sciences