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Little is known of Soviet and Russian lunar exploration although, in fact, the Soviet Union/Russia: Sent the first spaceships past the moon, the first to hit the moon and the first to circle the moon Was first to soft land on and orbit the moon Was first to send a spaceship around the moon and recover it on Earth Came very close to sending a cosmonaut around the moon first Built and successfully tested, in Earth orbit, a lunar lander Pioneered sophisticated, precise high-speed reentries into the Earth's atmosphere Came close to perfecting a giant moon rocket, the N-1 Retrieved three sets of rock samples from the moon by automatic spacecraft Landed advanced roving laboratories that explored the moon for months on end, traveling 48km Designed long-term lunar bases. These were remarkable achievements requiring a considerable level of engineering sophistication and have a place in the contemporary story of astronautics. Recent landings on Mars use, essentially, the very techniques developed by Russia to land on and explore the moon in the 1960s and 1970s. As an acknowledged expert and author of several books on the Soviet and Russian space programme, Brian Harvey is ideally suited to cover not only the engineering and scientific side but also the human stories of the Soviet and Russian lunar programme. These include those of the cosmonaut squad that trained to land on the moon, but was stood down, and of the designers who tried to realise the dream of a Russian moon, from Tikhonravov to Mishin: a Soviet lunar programme was first proposed by designer Mikhail Tikhonravov in a children’s magazine in 1951 and he persuaded a sceptical Soviet leadership of the value of a moon programme. Following Sputnik, the first lunar flights quickly achieved the key goals of hitting, circling and photographing the moon in 1959. The Soviet Union achieved all the early ‘firsts’ in lunar exploration, such as soft landing and orbiting the moon, and Brian Harvey will recount the frantic efforts to rival America’s Apollo and the dramatic hours of 21st July 1969, when Russia tried to soft land Luna 15 in the Sea of Crises even as Armstrong and Aldrin explored the moon in the nearby Sea of Tranquility.

Astronautics. --- Space sciences --- Aeronautics --- Astrodynamics --- Space flight --- Space vehicles --- Moon --- Exploration. --- Astronomy. --- Popular Science in Astronomy. --- Aerospace Technology and Astronautics. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Aerospace engineering. --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Astronomy—Observations. --- Astronomical observations --- Observations, Astronomical --- Aeronautical engineering --- Astronautics --- Engineering --- Exploration --- History. --- Earth (Planet) --- Satellite

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The rebirth of the Russian space program marks an important event: 50 years since the first Sputnik was launched on 4th October 1957. At that time, few could have imagined the dramatic events that lay head. The Soviet Union achieved all the great firsts in cosmonautics—the first satellite in orbit, the first animal in orbit, the first laboratory in orbit, the first probe to the Moon, the first probe to photograph its far side, the first soft landing on the moon, the first man in space, the first woman in space, the first spacewalk. Except one, the first human landing on the Moon. In 1964, the Soviet Union decided to contest the decision of the United States to put the first person on the Moon. The Soviet Union engaged in that race far too late, with divided organization, and made a gallant but doomed challenge to Apollo. Undaunted, the Soviet Union rebuilt its space program around orbiting stations, building the first one, Salyut, and then the first permanent home in space, Mir. The Soviet Union still achieved many more firsts: the first lunar rover, the first soft landing on Venus, the first soft landing on Mars, the first recovery of samples from the Moon by automatic spacecraft.

Astronautics --- History. --- Popular works. --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Astronomy --- Space sciences. --- Astronomy. --- Automotive engineering. --- Popular Science. --- Popular Science in Astronomy. --- Automotive Engineering. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences. --- Physical sciences --- Space sciences --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science --- Astronomical observations --- Observations, Astronomical --- Observations. --- Engineering. --- Astrophysics. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Astronomy—Observations.

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The 21st century has seen the emergence, after the Soviet Union and the United States, of the third great space superpower: China. Here, in China in Space - The Great Leap Forward, Brian Harvey takes a contemporary look at the new Chinese space program. China has already launched its first space station, Tiangong; has sent its first spacecraft to the Moon, the Chang e; and has plans to send spaceships to Mars and further afield. China's annual launch rate has already overtaken those of both Europe and the United States. Huge new production plants and launch centers are under construction, to build and launch the new family of Long March 5, 6, and 7 rockets. In Roadmap 2050, the Academy of Sciences indicates that China intends to be the leading spacefaring nation by mid-century, with bases on the Moon and Mars. This book gives an informed, fully up-to-date commentary on all aspects of the Chinese space program, including its history, development, technology, missions, and the personalities involved. It lists all the Chinese launches, missions, and terminology, going behind the press releases to draw on hitherto unused scientific papers and sources. China in Space is a unique, forward-looking account of the Chinese space program, covering its full range of missions: manned, communications, scientific, military, technology-testing, and lunar.

Astronautics -- China. --- Outer space. --- Space ships. --- Astronautics --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Aeronautics Engineering & Astronautics --- Space race --- Engineering. --- Space sciences. --- Astronomy. --- Aerospace engineering. --- Astronautics. --- Aerospace Technology and Astronautics. --- Popular Science in Astronomy. --- Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences. --- Space sciences --- Aeronautics --- Astrodynamics --- Space flight --- Space vehicles --- Astrophysics. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science --- Aeronautical engineering --- Engineering --- China. --- China --- Rotchina --- Zhongguo --- Zhongguo-Diguo --- Kaiserreich Zhongguo --- Chung-kuo --- Zhonghua-minguo --- Chung-hua-min-kuo --- Zhonghua-Renmin-Gongheguo --- Kaiserreich China --- PRC --- Shinkoku --- Chung-hua-jen-min-kung-ho-kuo --- Zhonghua --- Volksrepublik China --- VR China --- People's Republic of China --- Zhong guo --- Zhonghua renmin gongheguo --- République populaire de Chine --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Chine --- KNR --- Chinese People's Republic --- Kytajsʹkaja Narodnaja Respublika --- Chinese People’s Republic --- Republic of China --- Chung-hua min kuo --- 中华人民共和国 --- Chinesen --- Taiwan --- 1949 --- -BNKhAU --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Catay --- Cathay --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chinese National Government --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Cina --- Činská lidová republika --- Dumdad Uls --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Erets Sin --- Jhonggu --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- Khi͡atad --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Kin --- Kitad --- Kita --- Kitaĭskai͡a Narodnai͡a Respublika --- Kitajska --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- National Government --- P.R.C. --- P.R. China --- PR China --- Republic --- República Popular China --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- République Populaire de Chine --- RRC --- RRT --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- VRChina --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhonghuaminguo --- S19/0200 --- S10/0840 --- S10/0835 --- S07/0350 --- China: Natural sciences--Astronomy, chronometry, zodiac etc --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--Aviation --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--Postal service and telecommunications: since 1949 (including E-commerce) --- China: Army and police force--Army, navy and air force: since 1949

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Explorer was the original American space program and Explorer 1 its first satellite, launched in 1958. Sixty years later, it is the longest continuously running space program in the world, demonstrating to the world how we can explore the cosmos with small spacecraft. Almost a hundred Explorers have already been launched. Explorers have made some of the fundamental discoveries of the Space Age.Explorer 1 discovered Earth’s radiation belts. Later Explorers surveyed the Sun, the X-ray and ultraviolet universes, black holes, magnetars and gamma ray bursts. An Explorer found the remnant of the Big Bang. One Explorer chased and was the first to intercept a comet. The program went through a period of few launches during the crisis of funding for space science in the 1980s. However, with the era of ‘faster, cheaper, better,’ the program was reinvented, and new exiting missions began to take shape, like Swift and the asteroid hunter WISE. Discovering the Cosmos with Small Spacecraft gives an account of each mission and its discoveries. It breaks down the program into its main periods of activity and examines the politics and debate on the role of small spacecraft in space science. It introduces the launchers (Juno, Thor, etc.), the launch centers, the ground centers and key personalities like James Van Allen who helped develop and run the spacecraft’s exciting programs.

Physics. --- Planetology. --- Astrobiology. --- Astronomy. --- Aerospace engineering. --- Astronautics. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Popular Science in Astronomy. --- Aerospace Technology and Astronautics. --- Outer space --- Exploration. --- Solar system --- Exploration --- Astrophysics. --- Astrobiology --- Biology --- Habitable planets --- Life --- Planetary sciences --- Planetology --- Space sciences --- Aeronautics --- Astrodynamics --- Space flight --- Space vehicles --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Origin --- Astronautics --- Space sciences. --- Aeronautical engineering --- Engineering --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science

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In 2019, China astonished the world by landing a spacecraft and rover on the far side of the Moon, something never achieved by any country before. China had already become the world’s leading spacefaring nation by rockets launched, sending more into orbit than any other. China is now a great space superpower alongside the United States and Russia, sending men and women into orbit, building a space laboratory (Tiangong) and sending probes to the Moon and asteroids. Roadmap 2050 promises that China will set up bases on the Moon and Mars and lead the world in science and technology by mid-century. China’s space programme is one of the least well-known, but this book will bring the reader up to date with its mysteries, achievements and exciting plans. China has built a fleet of new, powerful Long March rockets, four launch bases, tracking stations at home and abroad, with gleaming new design and production facilities. China is poised to build a large, permanent space station, bring back lunar rocks, assemble constellations of communications satellites and send spaceships to Mars, the moons of Jupiter and beyond. A self-sustaining lunar base, Yuegong, has already been simulated. In space, China is the country to watch.

Astronautics. --- Astrophysics. --- China-History. --- Popular Science in Technology. --- Aerospace Technology and Astronautics. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- History of China. --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Space sciences --- Aeronautics --- Astrodynamics --- Space flight --- Space vehicles --- Technology. --- Aerospace engineering. --- Space sciences. --- China—History. --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science --- Aeronautical engineering --- Astronautics --- Engineering --- Applied science --- Arts, Useful --- Science, Applied --- Useful arts --- Industrial arts --- Material culture