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This book aims to provide a synthesis of the history, generation, use, and transfer of images in scientific practice. It delves into the rich reservoir of case studies on visual representations in scientific and technological practice that have accumulated over the past couple of decades by historians, sociologists, and philosophers of science. The main aim is thus located on the meta-level. It adopts an integrative view of recurrently noted general features of visual cultures in science and technology, something hitherto unachieved and believed by many to be a mission impossible.By systematic comparison of numerous case studies, the purview broadens away from myopic microanalysis in search of overriding patterns. The many different disciplines and research areas involved encompass mathematics, technology, natural history, medicine, the geosciences, astronomy, chemistry, and physics. The chosen examples span the period from the Renaissance to the late 20th century. The broad range of visual representations in scientific practice is treated, as well as schooling in pattern recognition, design and implementation of visual devices, and a narrowing in on the special role of illustrators and image specialists.
Scientific illustration --- Visual communication in science --- 5/6 (09) --- Science --- Illustration, Scientific --- Science illustration --- Scientific literature --- Art and science --- Illustration of books --- Drawing --- Technical illustration --- Geschiedenis van de exacte en toegepaste wetenschappen --- Illustration --- Scientific applications --- Scientific illustration. --- Visual communication in science. --- Technology --- Illustration scientifique --- Communication visuelle en sciences --- Technique --- Sciences --- History. --- Histoire --- Communication visuelle en sciences. --- Histoire.
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This book focuses on the gradual formation of the concept of ‘light quanta’ or ‘photons’, as they have usually been called in English since 1926. The great number of synonyms that have been used by physicists to denote this concept indicates that there are many different mental models of what ‘light quanta’ are: simply finite, ‘quantized packages of energy’ or ‘bullets of light’? ‘Atoms of light’ or ‘molecules of light’? ‘Light corpuscles’ or ‘quantized waves’? Singularities of the field or spatially extended structures able to interfere? ‘Photons’ in G.N. Lewis’s sense, or as defined by QED, i.e. virtual exchange particles transmitting the electromagnetic force? The term ‘light quantum’ made its first appearance in Albert Einstein’s 1905 paper on a “heuristic point of view” to cope with the photoelectric effect and other forms of interaction of light and matter, but the mental model associated with it has a rich history both before and after 1905. Some of its semantic layers go as far back as Newton and Kepler, some are only fully expressed several decades later, while others initially increased in importance then diminished and finally vanished. In conjunction with these various terms, several mental models of light quanta were developed—six of them are explored more closely in this book. It discusses two historiographic approaches to the problem of concept formation: (a) the author’s own model of conceptual development as a series of semantic accretions and (b) Mark Turner’s model of ‘conceptual blending’. Both of these models are shown to be useful and should be explored further. This is the first historiographically sophisticated history of the fully fledged concept and all of its twelve semantic layers. It systematically combines the history of science with the history of terms and a philosophically inspired history of ideas in conjunction with insights from cognitive science.
Photons. --- Light quantum --- Light --- Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment --- Quantum theory. --- History. --- History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics. --- Quantum Physics. --- History of Science. --- Quantum Optics. --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Physics. --- Quantum physics. --- Quantum optics. --- Optics --- Photons --- Quantum theory --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Physics—Philosophy. --- Science—History. --- Philosophical Foundations of Physics and Astronomy.
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Spectrum analysis --- Spectrum, Solar. --- Visual communication. --- Graphic methods. --- History. --- Druktechnieken --- Drukken --- Fotografie --- Spectroscopie --- Spectrumanalyse --- Druktechniek --- Geschiedenis --- Geneeskunde --- Techniek (wetenschap) --- Atlas --- Museum --- Ecologie
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Physique --- Laboratoires --- Personnel --- Histoire.
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This book focuses on the gradual formation of the concept of ‘light quanta’ or ‘photons’, as they have usually been called in English since 1926. The great number of synonyms that have been used by physicists to denote this concept indicates that there are many different mental models of what ‘light quanta’ are: simply finite, ‘quantized packages of energy’ or ‘bullets of light’? ‘Atoms of light’ or ‘molecules of light’? ‘Light corpuscles’ or ‘quantized waves’? Singularities of the field or spatially extended structures able to interfere? ‘Photons’ in G.N. Lewis’s sense, or as defined by QED, i.e. virtual exchange particles transmitting the electromagnetic force? The term ‘light quantum’ made its first appearance in Albert Einstein’s 1905 paper on a “heuristic point of view” to cope with the photoelectric effect and other forms of interaction of light and matter, but the mental model associated with it has a rich history both before and after 1905. Some of its semantic layers go as far back as Newton and Kepler, some are only fully expressed several decades later, while others initially increased in importance then diminished and finally vanished. In conjunction with these various terms, several mental models of light quanta were developed—six of them are explored more closely in this book. It discusses two historiographic approaches to the problem of concept formation: (a) the author’s own model of conceptual development as a series of semantic accretions and (b) Mark Turner’s model of ‘conceptual blending’. Both of these models are shown to be useful and should be explored further. This is the first historiographically sophisticated history of the fully fledged concept and all of its twelve semantic layers. It systematically combines the history of science with the history of terms and a philosophically inspired history of ideas in conjunction with insights from cognitive science.
Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general) --- History of physics --- Quantum mechanics. Quantumfield theory --- Optics. Quantum optics --- History --- wetenschapsgeschiedenis --- quantumfysica --- quantumtheorie --- quantumchemie --- geschiedenis --- fysica
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Dieses Buch beschäftigt sich mit der Entstehungsgeschichte des komplexen Konzeptes des Photons aus wissenschaftshistorischer, kognitionspsychologischer und naturwissenschaftlicher Sicht. Dabei werden unter anderem sechs verschiedene mentale Modelle des Lichtquantums bzw. Photons diskutiert und der Bogen vom Teilchenmodell Newtons, dem Singularitätsmodell Einsteins und Bohrs bis zum modernen Konzept der Quantisierung des elektromagnetischen Feldes in der Quantenelektrodynamik gespannt. Der Autor beschäftigt sich zuerst mit der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Photons innerhalb der modernen Physik ab 1900, bevor er die zwölf semantischen Bedeutungsschichten des Photons ausgehend vom Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts präsentiert. Anschließend werden die mentalen Modelle im Laufe der Geschichte bis zur Moderne beschrieben und diskutiert und das heutige Modell des Photons besprochen. Das Buch richtet sich sowohl an Naturwissenschaftler mit physikalischem Hintergrund als auch an Wissenschaftshistoriker und Andere, die sich mit der Begriffs- und Ideengeschichte von Konzepten auseinandersetzen. Der Autor Klaus Hentschel ist Lehrstuhlinhaber für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaft und Technik an der Universität Stuttgart. Nach einem Diplom in Hochenergiephysik in Hamburg wurde er über frühe (Fehl)Interpretationen der Relativitätstheorie durch Philosophen promoviert, habilitierte sich über das Wechselspiel von Instrumentenbau, Experimentierpraxis und Theoriebildung in der Astrophysik und verfasste 10 Bücher, u. a. über den Einstein-Turm, Spektroskopie-Geschichte und visuelle Wissenschaftskulturen.
Physics --- Quantum physics. --- Lasers. --- Philosophical Foundations of Physics and Astronomy. --- Quantum Physics. --- Laser. --- Philosophy.
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Astronomers --- Relativity (Physics) --- Einstein-Turm (Potsdam, Germany) --- Relativité (Physique) --- History. --- Histoire --- Freundlich, Erwin,
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Physics --- Science and state --- National socialism. --- Physicists
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