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This paper examines the empirical relationship between inequality and growth, and analyzes the impacts of growth, inequality, and government spending on poverty reduction. A new panel dataset has been assembled on inequality and poverty that reduces measurement error and ensures comparability across countries and over time. The empirical results in this paper challenge the belief that income inequality has a negative effect on growth and confirm the validity of the Kuznets curve. Credit market imperfections in low- and medium-income countries are identified as the likely reason for the positive link between inequality and growth over the short-to-medium term. In the long term, inequality may have an adverse impact on growth.

Economic development. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Government spending policy. --- Income distribution -- Econometric models. --- Poverty. --- Macroeconomics --- Social Services and Welfare --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Poverty & precarity --- Social welfare & social services --- Income inequality --- Income distribution --- Poverty --- Personal income --- Poverty reduction --- Income --- China, People's Republic of

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This paper uses the growth-accounting approach to determine the sources of growth in transition economies. The central conclusion is that the estimated total factor productivity (TFP) growth for the former Soviet Union republics were significantly higher than other fast growing economies. A key question for prospective growth is whether the TFP gains achieved thus far have already eliminated most of the inefficiencies of central planning-and will therefore soon fade away. Underutilized labor combined with the recent trend of faster capital accumulation may play a more important role in the medium-term growth.

Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Labor Economics: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Total factor productivity --- Labor --- Production growth --- Productivity --- Capacity utilization --- Industrial productivity --- Labor economics --- Economic theory --- Industrial capacity --- Uzbekistan, Republic of

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Since 2000, Armenia's economic performance has been remarkable. Real economic growth has averaged 11 percent a year, annual inflation has averaged 3 percent, and poverty and inequality have fallen. The country has outperformed other low-income countries including other members of the Commonwealth of Independent States. This is particularly impressive given the geographical location of Armenia, the closure of two critical borders, and occasional political turmoil. The key factors behind Armenia's economic performance are prudent monetary and fiscal policies, liberal trade and foreign exchange regimes, rapid and relaively well-sequenced structural reforms, and support from the Armenian diaspora. In addition, the implementation of a poverty reduction strategy since 2002 has complemented the effect of economic growth on reducing poverty. This book assesses the country's economic transformation during the last 10 years and discusses the challenges to sustaining these successes.

Armenia (Republic) --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Taxation --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Trade: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Banking --- Poverty & precarity --- Finance --- Revenue administration --- Expenditure --- Poverty --- Commercial banks --- Financial institutions --- Securities markets --- Financial markets --- Banks and banking --- Revenue --- Expenditures, Public --- Income distribution --- Armenia, Republic of