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In 1940, the historian Emanuel Ringelblum established a clandestine organization, code named Oyneg Shabes, in Nazi-occupied Warsaw to study and document all facets of Jewish life in wartime Poland and to compile an archive that would preserve this history for posterity. As the Final Solution unfolded, although decimated by murders and deportations, the group persevered in its work until the spring of 1943. Of its more than 60 members, only three survived. Ringelblum and his family perished in March 194

Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Jews --- Catastrophe, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Destruction of the Jews (1939-1945) --- Extermination, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Holocaust, Nazi --- Ḥurban (1939-1945) --- Ḥurbn (1939-1945) --- Jewish Catastrophe (1939-1945) --- Jewish Holocaust (1939-1945) --- Nazi Holocaust --- Nazi persecution of Jews --- Shoʾah (1939-1945) --- Genocide --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Kindertransports (Rescue operations) --- History. --- Persecutions --- Nazi persecution --- Atrocities --- Jewish resistance --- Ringelblum, Emanuel, --- Ringelblum, Emmanuel, --- Ringelblum, ʻImanuʼel, --- Ringelblum, E. --- עמנואל רינגלבלום, --- ריגנעלבלום, עמנואל, --- רינגלבום, עמנואל, --- רינגלבלום, עמנואל --- רינגלבלום, עמנואל, --- רינגעלבלום, עמנואל --- רינגעלבלום, עמנואל, --- רינגעלבלום, ע. --- רינגעלבױם, עמנואל, --- רינעלבלום, עמנואל, --- Oyneg Shabes (Group) --- Oneg Shabat (Group) --- Oneg Schabbat (Group) --- Oneg Szabat (Group) --- Oyneg Shabbos (Group) --- Oneg Shabbat (Group) --- Warsaw (Poland) --- History --- Holocaust, Nazi (Jewish Holocaust) --- Nazi Holocaust (Jewish Holocaust) --- Nazi persecution (1939-1945)

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The powerful writings and art of Jews living in the Warsaw Ghetto Hidden in metal containers and buried underground during World War II, these works from the Warsaw Ghetto record the Holocaust from the perspective of its first interpreters, the victims themselves. Gathered clandestinely by an underground ghetto collective called Oyneg Shabes, the collection of reportage, diaries, prose, artwork, poems, jokes, and sermons captures the heroism, tragedy, humor, and social dynamics of the ghetto. Miraculously surviving the devastation of war, this extraordinary archive encompasses a vast range of voices-young and old, men and women, the pious and the secular, optimists and pessimists-and chronicles different perspectives on the topics of the day while also preserving rapidly endangered cultural traditions. Described by David G. Roskies as "a civilization responding to its own destruction," these texts tell the story of the Warsaw Ghetto in real time, against time, and for all time.

World War, 1939-1945 --- Jews --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Jews --- World War, 1939-1945 --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Jews --- Persecutions --- History --- Jews --- Oyneg Shabes (Group) --- Getto warszawskie (Warsaw, Poland) --- Warsaw (Poland) --- History

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This interdisciplinary collection of essays on the social and cultural life of late imperial Russia describes the struggle of new elites to take up a "middle position" in society--between tsar and people. During this period autonomous social and cultural institutions, pluralistic political life, and a dynamic economy all seemed to be emerging: Russia was experiencing a sense of social possibility akin to that which Gorbachev wishes to reanimate in the Soviet Union. But then, as now, diversity had as its price the potential for political disorder and social dissolution. Analyzing the attempt of educated Russians to forge new identities, this book reveals the social, cultural, and regional fragmentation of the times. The contributors are Harley Balzer, John E. Bowlt, Joseph Bradley, William C. Brumfield, Edith W. Clowes, James M. Curtis, Ben Eklof, Gregory L. Freeze, Abbott Gleason, Samuel D. Kassow, Mary Louise Loe, Louise McReynolds, Sidney Monas, John O. Norman, Daniel T. Orlovsky, Thomas C. Owen, Alfred Rieber, Bernice G. Rosenthal, Christine Ruane, Charles E. Timberlake, William Wagner, and James L. West. Samuel D. Kassow has written a conclusion to the volume.

Intellectuals --- Middle class --- Intellectuels --- Classes moyennes --- History --- Histoire --- Russia --- URSS --- Russie --- Intellectual life --- Vie intellectuelle --- bourgeoisie (classe sociale) --- Élite (sciences sociales) --- vie intellectuelle --- 1917 --- Conditions sociales --- Acmeism. --- Bolshevism. --- Bulgakov, S. --- Café Pittoresque. --- Decembrists. --- Economic Discussions. --- Education Statute (1874). --- Free Economic Society. --- Free Russian Press. --- Gagarin family. --- Gilded Age, in Russia. --- Hobsbawm, E. --- Holy Synod. --- Jewish writers. --- Kantianism. --- Kornilov Affair. --- Luxemburg, R. --- Menshevism. --- Ministry of Internal Affairs. --- Moscow Legal Society. --- Peredvizhniki. --- aesthetism. --- agronomy. --- aristocracy. --- art patronage. --- autocracy. --- bureaucracy. --- business. --- cabarets. --- class struggle. --- cubo-futurism. --- dechristianization. --- division of labor. --- embourgeoisement. --- entrepreneurs. --- famine of 1891. --- gentry. --- guidebooks of Moscow. --- illegitimacy. --- industrialists. --- industrialization. --- industry. --- kupechestvo. --- liberalism. --- magic lantern show. --- merchant-entrepreneurs. --- nationalism. --- neo-Slavophilism. --- neoclassicism. --- obshchina. --- petroleum industry. --- professionalization. --- progressist movement. --- Rossīi︠a︡ --- Rossīĭskai︠a︡ Imperīi︠a︡ --- Russia (Provisional government, 1917) --- Russia (Vremennoe pravitelʹstvo, 1917) --- Russland --- Ṛusastan --- Russia (Tymchasovyĭ uri︠a︡d, 1917) --- Russian Empire --- Rosja --- Russian S.F.S.R. --- Russia (Territory under White armies, 1918-1920) --- Classe moyenne --- Petite bourgeoisie --- Bourgeoisie --- Hommes des classes moyennes --- Femmes des classes moyennes --- Classes sociales --- Élites (sciences sociales) --- Establishment --- Haute société --- Notables --- Société, Haute --- Dignitaires --- Élitisme --- Femmes du monde --- Personnel hautement qualifié --- Classes dirigeantes --- Hommes du monde --- Pouvoir communautaire --- Évergétisme --- Groupes sociaux --- Leadership --- Pouvoir (sciences sociales) --- Table des Rangs (Russie)

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