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Based on nationally representative samples from 13 Sub-Saharan African countries, this paper reinforces and expands previous findings that condom use in general is low in this region, men report using condoms more frequently than women, and unmarried individuals report they use condoms more frequently than married individuals with their spouse. Based on descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses, the authors also demonstrate to a degree not previously shown in the current literature that married men from most countries report using condoms with extramarital partners about as frequently as unmarried men. However, married women from most countries included use condoms with extramarital partners less frequently than unmarried women. This result is especially troubling because marriage usually ensures regular sexual intercourse, providing more opportunities to pass HIV from extramarital partner to spouse than an unmarried person who may also have multiple partners but not as regular sexual intercourse.

Adolescent Health --- AIDS HIV --- Condom --- Condom Use --- Condoms --- Epidemic --- Extramarital sex --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- HIV --- Human Development --- Infection rates --- Law and Development --- Married men --- Married women --- Multiple partners --- Policy Research --- Population Policies --- Prevention efforts --- Progress --- Public Services --- Sexual intercourse --- Spouse --- Unmarried men --- Unmarried women

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The literature shows that divorced, separated, and widowed individuals in Africa are at significantly increased risk for HIV. Using nationally representative data from 13 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, this paper confirms that formerly married individuals are at significantly higher risk for HIV. The study goes further by examining individuals who have remarried. The results show that remarried individuals form a large portion of the population - usually larger than the divorced, separated, or widowed - and that they also have higher than average HIV prevalence. This large number of high-risk remarried individuals is an important source of vulnerability and further infection that needs to be acknowledged and taken into account in prevention strategies.

Aging --- AIDS epidemic --- AIDS HIV --- Disease Control and Prevention --- Diseases --- Epidemic --- Epidemics --- Females --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Health Surveys --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- HIV --- HIV AIDS and Business --- HIV Infection --- HIV positive --- HIV testing --- HIV transmission --- HIV/AIDS --- Human Immunodeficiency virus --- Immune Deficiency --- Immunodeficiency --- Population Policies --- Prevalence --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases --- Sexually Transmitted Infections --- Syndromes