Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

As Russia’s transition unfolds, the traditional national accounts concepts and reporting mechanisms become increasingly inadequate. As a result, the margin of error associated with basic price and quantity estimates widens substantially. A selection of key measurement and interpretation issues is discussed here, in operational rather than in methodological terms.

Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Studies of Particular Policy Episodes --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: General --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Prices --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: National Income, Product, and Expenditure --- Money --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Performance and Prospects --- Price Level --- Deflation --- General Aggregative Models: General --- Consumer price indexes --- National accounts --- Producer price indexes --- Prices --- Price indexes --- National income --- Russian Federation

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Health services are largely tax-financed in the United Kingdom and account for 14 per cent of general government spending. This paper analyses how the National Health Service (NHS) has been dealing with the associated expenditure pressures in the pre-1990 set-up and during the “quasi-market” years and how it is to cope with them under the “co-operative” arrangements put in place since 1997. While the budget constraint was traditionally tight in the NHS, leading to pervasive rationing and queuing as well as diversion towards the private sector, it has been relaxed somewhat with the budgetary boost announced by the Government in March 2000. The challenge is now to make the best use of the new-found financial room for improvement ...

Economics --- United Kingdom

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Money market. Capital market --- France --- Capital market --- Interest rates --- Capital market - France. --- Interest rates - France.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Prices in the Russian Federation have been decontrolled in several steps since early 1991, after decades of near fixity. This paper documents and analyzes the behavior of prices, income, consumption, and savings before and after the January 1992 price liberalization, with emphasis on developments during 1992, and with focus on households more than on enterprises. Comparisons are made with recent experience in Central and Eastern Europe, along with consideration of evidence on shortages and income distribution.

Prices --- Russian Federation --- Income distribution --- Government policy --- 338.53 <47> --- 338.5 <47> --- 330.56 <47> --- 330.567 <47> --- -338 --- (47+57) --- $?$93/11 --- politique des prix --- revenus --- agents economiques --- russie --- -Income distribution --- 330.05 --- 339.4947 --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Commercial products --- Commodity prices --- Justum pretium --- Price theory --- Consumption (Economics) --- Cost --- Costs, Industrial --- Money --- Cost and standard of living --- Supply and demand --- Value --- Wages --- Willingness to pay --- Overheidsinvloed op prijsvorming. Prijzenpolitiek van de overheid--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- Prijsvorming. Prijskostenverhouding. Prijsbeweging. Prijsfluctuatie--macroeconomisch; prijsindex zie {336.748.12}--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- Nationaal inkomen. Volksinkomen. Gezinsinkomen. Vermogensstratificatie. Particuliere inkomens en bestedingen. Armoede. Honger--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- Bestedingen. Consumptie. Verbruik. Overconsumptie. Onderconsumptie. Koopkracht. Bestedingsmotieven. Huishoudelijke uitgaven. Gebruik van diensten--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- -prijsbeleid --- inkomens --- economische agenten --- rusland --- -Prices --- -338.53 <47> --- 330.567 <47> Bestedingen. Consumptie. Verbruik. Overconsumptie. Onderconsumptie. Koopkracht. Bestedingsmotieven. Huishoudelijke uitgaven. Gebruik van diensten--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- 330.56 <47> Nationaal inkomen. Volksinkomen. Gezinsinkomen. Vermogensstratificatie. Particuliere inkomens en bestedingen. Armoede. Honger--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- 338.5 <47> Prijsvorming. Prijskostenverhouding. Prijsbeweging. Prijsfluctuatie--macroeconomisch; prijsindex zie {336.748.12}--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- 338.53 <47> Overheidsinvloed op prijsvorming. Prijzenpolitiek van de overheid--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- Russia --- 338 --- prijsbeleid --- Prices - Government policy - Russia (Federation) --- Income distribution - Russia (Federation) --- Inflation --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Investments: Stocks --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Household Analysis: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Investment & securities --- Income --- Real wages --- Producer prices --- National accounts --- Minimum wage

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper examines the evolution of the exchange rate of the ruble vis-à-vis the U.S. dollar from exchange rate unification, in July 1992, to the end of 1993. The expected and actual paths of the exchange rate are related to the exchange and trade regime and to the stance of financial and exchange rate policies. An econometric analysis based on weekly data is offered, which suggests that monetary factors have a significant impact on the short run behavior of the exchange rate.

Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Foreign Exchange --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Demand for Money --- Monetary Policy --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- International Financial Markets --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Finance --- Banking --- Exchange rates --- Currency markets --- Exchange rate arrangements --- Correspondent banking --- Financial markets --- Financial services --- Foreign exchange market --- Correspondent banks --- United States