Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Interactions. --- Pig.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of predictable vs. unpredictable management routines on the behaviour, production and health of dairy calves. Three different feeding schedules for milk-fed dairy calves were compared. All calves received milk twice a day, and had free access to concentrate, hay and water. Three groups of 12 calves (divided on two trials) were exposed to one of the following treatments from the age of 5 days to 9 weeks: group C (control) received milk at the same time every day, at 0700 and 1400. Group OD (occasional deviation) received the milk at the same time every day except on treatment days, one in week 5 and one in week 8, where they were fed 3 h later. Group IR (irregular schedule) received milk at irregular times throughout the experimental period. The first daily feeding took place between 0600 and 1300 and the second one between 1300 and 2100. When the calves were 5 and 8 weeks old, the behaviour of eight calves from each group was videorecorded for two days (48 h). The following behaviour was recorded: frequency and duration of lying bouts and frequency of comfort behaviour (defined as licking or scratching own body), eating, drinking, other oral behaviour and extending the head through the feeding barrier (HTB). The milk and concentrate consumption of the calves was measured and the calves were weighed weekly. Diseases were recorded. The results showed that at the age of 5 weeks, the calves in group IR differed from the control group C by performing more eating behaviour both on the control day (27.5 vs. 15.5; p<0.05) and the treatment day (28.8 vs. 18.3; p<0.05). At the age of 8 weeks, no differences were found in the behaviour between groups IR and C. When the OD calves were 5 weeks old, they responded to the delayed feeding by increasing drinking behaviour (14.5 vs. 9.0; p<0.05). When they were 8 weeks old, they showed increased frequency of comfort (195 vs. 122; p<.05), eating (37.5 vs. 27.9; p<0.05) and HTB

Access. --- Age. --- Behaviour. --- Calves. --- Circadian rhythm. --- Circadian. --- Control. --- Disease. --- Diseases. --- Drinking. --- Duration. --- Feeding-times. --- Feeding. --- Frequency. --- Frustration. --- Group. --- Growth. --- Hay. --- Health. --- Increase. --- Lying. --- Management. --- Milk. --- Nutrition. --- Old. --- Parameters. --- Predictability. --- Prediction. --- Production. --- Time. --- Treatment.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

In an experiment on the effects of social environment and training on the human–animal relationship, 20 horses were handled according to a defined schedule. Eight horses were housed singly and 12 horses were housed in four groups of 3 horses. Horses were handled three times per week in 10 min sessions from an age of 6 months until 2 years of age during two winter periods. A total of 50 and 70 sessions were given in the first and second period, respectively. Five randomly allocated people performed the training. The training scheme involved leading, tying up, touching, lifting feet, etc. in 43 stages. The horse had to fulfil the performance criteria of each stage in order to get to the next stage. In the first winter period, horses were led to the stable when they had "passed" a stage or after 10 min of training. In the second winter period, horses would start off at stage 1 again, and when they "passed" a stage they went on to the next stage within the same training session. Because of the change in training procedure results were analysed separately for the two winter periods. There was a significant difference between trainers in the number of times they allowed a horse to "pass" a stage within each winter period (32, P<0.05; 32, P<0.001 for the first and the second winter period, respectively). Group housed horses "passed" more stages than single housed horses (17 versus 14; 27 versus 18 in the first and second winter period, respectively; P<0.05 for the interaction). Singly housed horses bit the trainer more frequently than did group housed horses (P<0.01). The responses of group housed horses to training clearly demonstrate the benefits of raising young horses in groups.

Age. --- Behaviour. --- Environment. --- Experiment. --- Group housing. --- Group. --- Horse. --- Horses. --- Housing. --- Interaction. --- People. --- Performance. --- Periods. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Social environment. --- Social. --- Time. --- Training. --- Young.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Behavior. --- Brain. --- Development. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Hypothalamus. --- Lesion. --- Lesions. --- Sexual behavior.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Behavior. --- Ontogenie. --- Sexual behavior. --- Sexual-behavior. --- Sexual.