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Apocalyptic literature --- Apocryphal books (Old Testament) --- Littérature apocalyptique --- Apocryphes (Ancient Testament) --- Hebrew book of Enoch. --- Dead Sea scrolls. --- 229*317 --- Qumran en het Oude Testament --- 229*317 Qumran en het Oude Testament --- Littérature apocalyptique --- Livre d'Hénoch --- littérature apocalyptique --- judaïsme --- Christianisme --- le jugement divin --- le Messie --- Qumrân --- 4Q201 --- Nouveau Testament

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Knowledge, Theory of, in the Bible --- Bible --- Dead Sea scrolls --- Criticism, interpretation, etc --- Relation to the Old Testament --- 229*317 --- 222.4 --- 229*317 Qumran en het Oude Testament --- Qumran en het Oude Testament --- Deuteronomium

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This book offers a fresh look at the status of the scribe in society, his training, practices, and work in the biblical world. What was the scribe’s role in these societies? Were there rival scribal schools? What was their role in daily life? How many scripts and languages did they grasp? Did they master political and religious rhetoric? Did they travel or share foreign traditions, cultures, and beliefs? Were scribes redactors, or simply copyists? What was their influence on the redaction of the Bible? How did they relate to the political and religious powers of their day? Did they possess any authority themselves? These are the questions that were tackled during an international conference held at the University of Strasbourg on June 17–19, 2019. The conference served as the basis for this publication, which includes fifteen articles covering a wide geographical and chronological range, from Late Bronze Age royal scribes to refugees in Masada at the end of the Second Temple period.

Scribal profession, Second Temple, Early Bronze Age, Masada, Redaction criticism.