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Mourning customs --- Grief --- Emotions --- Burial laws --- Deuil --- Chagrin --- Sépulture --- History --- Political aspects --- Coutumes --- Histoire --- Aspect politique --- Droit --- Italy --- Italie --- Social life and customs --- Moeurs et coutumes --- Sépulture

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The way in which a society expresses grief can reveal how it views both intense emotions and public order. In thirteenth-century Italian communes, a conscious effort to change appropriate public reaction to death threw into sharp relief connections among urban politics, gender expectations, and understandings of emotionality. In Passion and Order, Carol Lansing explores a dramatic change in thinking and practice about emotional restraint. This shift was driven by politics and understood in terms of gender. Thirteenth-century court cases reveal that male elites were accustomed to mourning loudly and demonstratively at funerals. As many as a hundred men might gather in a town's streets and squares to weep and cry out, even tear at their beards and clothing. Yet these elites enacted laws against such emotional display and proceeded to pay the fines levied against themselves for violating their own legislation.Political theorists used gender norms to urge men to restrain their passions; histrionic grieving, like lust, was now considered "womanish." Lawmakers drew on a complex of gendered ideas about grief and public order to characterize governance in ways that linked the self and the state. They articulated their beliefs in terms of rules of decorum, how men and women need to behave in order to live together in society. Lansing demonstrates this change through a rich combination of sources: archival records from Orvieto, Bologna, and Perugia; political treatises; literary works, notably Petrarch's letters; and representations of grief in painting and sculpture.

Burial laws --- Emotions --- Grief --- Mourning customs --- Feelings --- Human emotions --- Passions --- Psychology --- Affect (Psychology) --- Affective neuroscience --- Apathy --- Pathognomy --- Burial --- Mortuary law --- Dead bodies (Law) --- Cemeteries --- Undertakers and undertaking --- Mourning --- Sorrow --- Bereavement --- Loss (Psychology) --- Manners and customs --- Rites and ceremonies --- Funeral rites and ceremonies --- History --- Political aspects --- Law and legislation --- Italy --- Social life and customs

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In the 1290s a new guild-based Florentine government placed a group of noble families under severe legal restraints, on the grounds that they were both the most powerful and the most violent and disruptive element in the city. In this colorful portrayal of civic life in medieval Florence, Carol Lansing explores the patrilineal structure and function of these urban families, known as "magnates." She shows how they emerged as a class defined not by specific economic interests but by a distinctive culture. During the earlier period of weaker civic institutions, these families built their power by sharing among themselves crucial resources--forts, political alliances, ecclesiastical rights. Lansing examines this activity as well as the responses patrilineal strategies drew from women, who were excluded from inheritance and full lineage membership. In looking at the elements of this culture, which emphasized private military force, knighthood, and faction, Lansing argues that the magnates' tendency toward violence derived from a patrician youth culture and from the instability inherent in the exaggerated use of patrilineal ties. In describing the political changes of the 1290s, she shows how some families eventually dropped the most stringent aspects of patrilineage and exerted their influence through institutions and patronage networks.

Guilds --- Nobility --- Political activity --- History --- Political activity --- History --- Florence (Italy) --- Florence (Italy) --- Politics and government --- Social conditions.

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Civilization, Medieval. --- Middle Ages. --- Europe --- History --- Civilization, Medieval --- Middle Ages --- Dark Ages --- History, Medieval --- Medieval history --- Medieval period --- World history, Medieval --- World history --- Medievalism --- Renaissance --- Medieval civilization --- Civilization --- Chivalry --- Histoire économique --- Histoire sociale --- Civilisation médiévale --- Histoire religieuse --- Moyen âge

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Nell'attuale paesaggio storiografico italiano è ben presente la volontà di lavorare sulle differenti tipologie documentarie prodotte nell’Italia dei Comuni. Così è per gli studi sugli statuti comunali, studi iniziati nel XIX secolo che proseguono tutt’oggi con atti di convegni ed edizioni documentarie, e per tutte le fonti istituzionali amministrative di carattere ordinario: delibere di organi consiliari (riformanze), registri fiscali, corrispondenze epistolari, registri giudiziari. Risultato di un convegno organizzato all'École française de Rome (6-8 giugno 2017), questo volume è il primo interamente dedicato ai registri della giustizia penale (libri maleficiorum); si tratta di documenti relativi alla gestione della cosa pubblica destinati all'azione, che racchiudono finalità performative. Sono presenti in quantità cospicue nel territorio italiano, in molti fondi di archivi e biblioteche comunali e negli Archivi di Stato. La «Rivoluzione documentaria» dell’Italia comunale ha conosciuto una delle sue più potenti espressioni anche attraverso le carte di questa amministrazione ordinaria. Facendo parte a pieno titolo di una storia della giustizia, che si è rinnovata negli ultimi anni cercando di aprirsi il più possibile a tutto il territorio italiano e mostrando punti in comune e differenze regionali, i saggi qui raccolti si soffermano sulla produzione dei libri maleficiorum. Sono indagati il loro ruolo nel sistema documentario dei comuni e di altre istituzioni, la loro collocazione nel sistema documentario generale e le relazioni con altra documentazione comunale, il funzionamento delle istituzioni giudiziarie e i meccanismi procedurali, i conflitti, i negoziati e le sentenze. Le sezioni conclusive mettono a fuoco due temi centrali in materia di pratiche sociali, privilegiate nei libri maleficiorum stessi: la violenza e il genere.

History --- justice --- registres --- giustizia --- libri maleficiorum