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Legal studies and consequently legal history focus on constitutional documents, believing in a nominalist autonomy of constitutional semantics.Reconsidering Constitutional Formation in the late 18th and 19th century, kept historic constitutions from being simply log-books for political experts through a functional approach to the interdependencies between constitution and public discourse. Sovereignty had to be ‘believed’ by the subjects and the political élites. Such a communicative orientation of constitutional processesbecame palpable in the ‘religious’ affinities of the constitutional preambles. They were held as ‘creeds’ of a new order, not only due to their occasional recourse to divine authority, but rather due to the claim for eternal validity contexts of constitutional guarantees. The communication dependency of constitutions was of less concern in terms of the preamble than the constituents’ big worries about government organisation. Their indecisiveness between monarchical and popular sovereignty was established through the discrediting of the Republic in the Jacobean reign of terror and the ‘renaissance’ of the monarchy in the military resistance against the French revolutionary and later Napoleonic campaigns. The constitutional formation as a legal act of constituting could therefore defend the monarchy from the threat of the people (Albertine Statute 1848), could be a legal decision of a national constituent assembly (Belgian Constitution 1831), could borrow from the old liberties (Polish May Constitution 1791) or try to remain in between by referring to the Nation as sovereign (French September Constitution 1791, Cádiz Constitution 1812). Common to all contexts is the use of national sovereignty as a legal starting point. The consequent differentiation between constituent and constituted power manages to justify the self-commitment of political power in legal terms. National sovereignty is the synonym for the juridification of sovereignty by means of the constitution. The novelty of the constitutions of the late 18th and 19th century is the normativity, the positivity of the constitutional law as one unified law, to be the measure for the legality of all other law. Therefore ReConFort will continue with the precedence of constitution. (www.reconfort.eu).

Law. --- Law --- Constitutional law. --- Constitutional Law. --- Legal History. --- Theories of Law, Philosophy of Law, Legal History. --- History. --- Philosophy. --- Law-History. --- Constitutional law --- Constitutional limitations --- Constitutionalism --- Constitutions --- Limitations, Constitutional --- Public law --- Administrative law --- Interpretation and construction --- Law—History. --- Law—Philosophy. --- Acts, Legislative --- Enactments, Legislative --- Laws (Statutes) --- Legislative acts --- Legislative enactments --- Jurisprudence --- Legislation --- constitutional law --- Poland --- Sovereignty --- Westphalian sovereignty --- Legal history --- History and criticism

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BPB1612 --- Droit constitutionnel --- Contrôle de constitutionnalité --- Procédure parlementaire --- Grondwettelijk recht --- Toezicht op de grondwettigheid --- Parlementaire procedure --- parlamentarisches Verfahren --- procedură parlamentară --- parlementaire procedure --- procedura parlamentare --- парламентарни поступак --- parlamentný postup --- parlamentarisk procedure --- parlamenta procedūra --- procedimiento parlamentario --- parlamentsförfarande --- menettely parlamentissa --- parlamentní proces --- parlamento darbo tvarka --- parlamentarni postopek --- парламентарна процедура --- parliamentary procedure --- procedura parlamentarna --- κοινοβουλευτική διαδικασία --- parlamentarni postupak --- processo parlamentar --- procedurë parlamentare --- parlamendimenetlus --- parlamenti eljárás --- парламентарна постапка --- proċedura parlamentari --- parlamentní procedury --- examen parlamentario --- parlamentaarne analüüs --- parlamentsbehandling --- esame parlamentare --- examen parlementaire --- parlamentsundersøgelse --- exame parlamentar --- parlamentaarinen tarkastelu --- parlamentné skrutínium --- parlamentarna procedura --- κοινοβουλευτική εξέταση --- parlamentinė analitinė priežiūra --- verifica di costituzionalità --- kontroll av författningsenlighet --- controlo de constitucionalidade --- control of constitutionality --- контрола уставности --- контрол на конституционост --- kontroll tal-kostituzzjonalità --- konstitucingumo kontrolė --- toezicht op de grondwettigheid --- põhiseaduslikkuse kontroll --- kontrola ustavnosti --- kontroll i kushtetutshmërisë --- control de constitucionalidad --- alkotmányosság vizsgálata --- kontrola konstytucyjności --- presoja ustavnosti --- kontrola ústavnosti --- Kontrolle der Verfassungsmäßigkeit --- kontrol af overensstemmelse med forfatningen --- контрола на уставноста --- έλεγχος συνταγματικότητας --- control constituțional --- perustuslaillisuuden valvonta --- konstitucionālisma kontrole --- alkotmányossági normakontroll --- jogszabályok alkotmányossága --- ústavnost zákonů --- ústavnosť zákonov --- kushtetutshmëri e ligjeve --- ústavnost právního předpisu --- loves forfatningsmæssighed --- контрола на уставноста на општите акти --- ustavnost zakona --- konstitucionālā uzraudzība --- törvények alkotmányossága --- уставност на закон --- контрола на законитоста на управните акти --- constitucionalidad de las leyes --- előzetes normakontroll --- ústavní kontrola --- constituționalitatea legilor --- constitutionnalité des lois --- costituzionalità delle leggi --- συνταγματικότητα των νόμων --- grundlagsenlighet --- utólagos normakontroll --- grondwettigheid van de wet --- lakien perustuslainmukaisuus --- законитост на подзаконските акти --- įstatymų atitiktis konstitucijai --- tiesību aktu atbilstība konstitūcijai --- ústavní stížnost --- constitucionalidade das leis --- constitutionality of laws --- Verfassungsmäßigkeit der Gesetze --- seaduste põhiseaduslikkus --- control al constituţionalităţii --- e drejta kushtetuese --- drept constituțional --- riigiõigus --- Derecho constitucional --- constitutional law --- prawo konstytucyjne --- alkotmányjog --- valtiosääntöoikeus --- konstitucinė teisė --- уставно право --- forfatningsret --- direito constitucional --- författningsrätt --- konstitucionālais likums --- ústavné právo --- ustavno pravo --- ústavní právo --- конституционно право --- Verfassungsrecht --- συνταγματικό δίκαιο --- grondwettelijk recht --- diritto costituzionale --- dritt kostituzzjonali --- ligj parlamentar --- konstitucionalistika --- parlamentinė teisė --- staatsrecht --- konstitutionel ret --- parlamentārās tiesības --- politiek recht --- derecho político --- direito parlamentar --- Derecho parlamentario --- κοινοβουλευτικό δίκαιο --- parlamenti jog --- diritto parlamentare --- droit parlementaire --- parlementair recht --- parlamentní právo --- πολιτικό δικαίωμα --- politikai jog --- konstitucionālās tiesības --- parlamentarisk ret --- конституционално право --- prawo parlamentarne --- droit politique --- liġi parlamentari --- konstitutionell rätt --- oikeuspolitiikka --- parlamentné právo --- direito político --- parliamentary law --- valsts tiesības --- парламентарно право --- parlamentaarne õigus --- parlamentarno pravo --- Parlamentsrecht --- drept parlamentar --- státní právo --- statsforfatningsret --- diritto politico --- politisches Recht --- parlamentaarinen oikeus --- nós imeachta parlaiminteach --- dlí bunreachtúil --- rialú na bunreachtúlachta --- Procédure parlementaire --- Contrôle de constitutionnalité

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Legal studies and consequently legal history focus on constitutional documents, believing in a nominalist autonomy of constitutional semantics.Reconsidering Constitutional Formation in the late 18th and 19th century, kept historic constitutions from being simply log-books for political experts through a functional approach to the interdependencies between constitution and public discourse. Sovereignty had to be ‘believed’ by the subjects and the political élites. Such a communicative orientation of constitutional processesbecame palpable in the ‘religious’ affinities of the constitutional preambles. They were held as ‘creeds’ of a new order, not only due to their occasional recourse to divine authority, but rather due to the claim for eternal validity contexts of constitutional guarantees. The communication dependency of constitutions was of less concern in terms of the preamble than the constituents’ big worries about government organisation. Their indecisiveness between monarchical and popular sovereignty was established through the discrediting of the Republic in the Jacobean reign of terror and the ‘renaissance’ of the monarchy in the military resistance against the French revolutionary and later Napoleonic campaigns. The constitutional formation as a legal act of constituting could therefore defend the monarchy from the threat of the people (Albertine Statute 1848), could be a legal decision of a national constituent assembly (Belgian Constitution 1831), could borrow from the old liberties (Polish May Constitution 1791) or try to remain in between by referring to the Nation as sovereign (French September Constitution 1791, Cádiz Constitution 1812). Common to all contexts is the use of national sovereignty as a legal starting point. The consequent differentiation between constituent and constituted power manages to justify the self-commitment of political power in legal terms. National sovereignty is the synonym for the juridification of sovereignty by means of the constitution. The novelty of the constitutions of the late 18th and 19th century is the normativity, the positivity of the constitutional law as one unified law, to be the measure for the legality of all other law. Therefore ReConFort will continue with the precedence of constitution. (www.reconfort.eu).

Legal theory and methods. Philosophy of law --- Public law. Constitutional law --- Law --- History --- filosofie --- geschiedenis --- recht --- grondrechten --- staatsrecht --- grondwet

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