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This paper provides an empirical benchmarking of growth, productivity and export patterns for developing NREs against other low and middle income developing countries, to inform policy discussions and future analytical work. There is stark heterogeneity in the association of resource sector and overall growth outcomes, by commodity and degree of dependence. Over the long term, inter-sectoral growth dynamics have been more muted for NREs than other developing countries, especially at lower incomes. Despite productivity convergence in mining, as expected, productivity growth in manufacturing and services was generally lower in NREs. Exceptions are few, in East Asia and the CIS area which experienced broad-based productivity growth. NRE product exports are more concentrated and relatively less complex, though we find increasingly diversified service export baskets. Technological progress and specialization in trade in services may offer diversification options for the future.

Nonrenewable natural resources --- Exports --- Economic development --- Non-renewable natural resources --- Exhaustible resources --- Natural resources, Nonrenewable --- Natural resources --- Economic aspects --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Global Outlook --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Trade: General --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- International economics --- Personal income --- Service exports --- Productivity --- Labor productivity --- National accounts --- International trade --- Production --- Income --- Industrial productivity --- Indonesia

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Structural transformation depends not only on how much countries export but also on what they export and with whom they trade. This paper breaks new ground in analyzing India’s exports by the technological content, quality, sophistication, and complexity of the export basket. We identify five priority areas for policies: (1) reduction of trade costs, at and behind the border; (2) further liberalization of FDI including through simplification of regulations and procedures; (3) improving infrastructure including in urban areas to enhance manufacturing and services in cities; (4) preparing labor resources (skills) and markets (flexibility) for the technological progress that will shape jobs in the years ahead; and (5) creating an enabling environment for innovation and entrepreneurship to draw the economy into higher productivity activities.

Economic development -- India. --- Exports -- India. --- India -- Commerce. --- Manufacturing industries -- India. --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- Local Commerce --- Exports --- Manufacturing industries --- India --- Commerce. --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Industries: Manufacturing --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Industrialization --- Manufacturing and Service Industries --- Choice of Technology --- Development Planning and Policy: Trade Policy --- Factor Movement --- Foreign Exchange Policy --- Comparative Studies of Countries --- Trade: General --- Neoclassical Models of Trade --- Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- International economics --- Service exports --- Comparative advantage --- Manufacturing --- Personal income --- International trade --- Economic sectors --- National accounts --- Income

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Malaysia's structural transformation from low to middle income is a success story, making it one of the most prominent manufacturing exporters' in the world. However, like many other middle income economies, it is squeezed by the competition from low-wage economies on the one hand, and more innovative advanced economies on the other. What can Malaysia do? Does Malaysia need a new growth strategy? This paper emphasizes the need for broad structural transformation; that is, moving to higher productivity production in both goods and services. This paper examines productivity growth for Malaysia at the sectoral level, and constructs several measures of the sophistication of goods and services trade, and puts these comparisons in a global context. The results indicate that Malaysia has further opportunities for growth in the services sector in particular. Modernizing the services sector may provide a way out of the middle income trap, and serve as a source of growth for Malaysia into the future.

Banks & Banking Reform --- Economic Conditions and Volatility --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Globalization --- Growth Accelerator --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Reduction --- Service Productivity --- Structural Transformation

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Can increasing sophistication in service exports lead to economic growth? Although services were historically produced primarily for domestic consumption, they are gradually becoming more productive, tradable and unbundled. The authors construct an index of "service exports sophistication" to document this phenomenon. Panel data estimations indicate a positive association between growth in per capita income and higher sophistication of service exports. The results also suggest that this phenomenon is growing in importance over time. Considering the limits of traditional industrialization in igniting global growth, the results provide an alternative channel.

Banks & Banking Reform --- Commodities --- Economic Theory & Research --- Globalization --- Growth --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty reduction --- Productivity --- Public Sector Corruption & Anticorruption Measures --- Services --- Specialization

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A new dataset on export sophistication reveals that in many countries the importance of modern services, and the sophistication of manufactured and service exports, has increased over time. However, this trend was less pronounced in LICs. Sophisticated sectors are more likely to act as a catalyst for broad-based economic growth, rather than turning into isolated enclaves, when the economy is liberalized, the exchange rate is not overvalued, and there are good information flows. An educated workforce, external liberalization, and good information flows are important prerequisites for developing sophisticated goods and services. An appropriate macroeconomic policy is particularly important for goods, skilled labor and good information flows for services.

Exports --- Industrial productivity --- Economic development --- Productivity, Industrial --- TFP (Total factor productivity) --- Total factor productivity --- Industrial efficiency --- Production (Economic theory) --- International trade --- Econometric models. --- Exports and Imports --- Labor --- Industries: Manufacturing --- Economic Growth of Open Economies --- Industrialization --- Manufacturing and Service Industries --- Choice of Technology --- Measurement of Economic Growth --- Aggregate Productivity --- Cross-Country Output Convergence --- Trade: General --- Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- International economics --- Manufacturing industries --- Labour --- income economics --- Service exports --- Manufacturing --- Export performance --- Human capital --- Economic sectors --- China, People's Republic of