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Hierarchical clause structure is an important feature of most theories of grammar. While it has been an indispensable part of formal syntactic theories, functional theories have more recently discovered for themselves a 'layered structure of the clause'. A major focus of the current discussion on semanto-syntactic clause structure is the hierarchical ordering of grammatical categories such as tense, aspect and modality. However, there are very few empirical studies yet to provide systematic evidence for presumably universal hierarchical structures. This book presents a systematic corpus-based study of the semantic and morphosyntactic interaction of modality with tense, aspect, negation, and modal markers embedded in subordinate clauses. The results are critically compared with extant theories of hierarchies of grammatical categories, including those in Functional Grammar, Role and Reference Grammar, and the Cartography of Syntactic Structures. Also provided is an extensive description of the expression of modality and related categories in Modern Japanese.

Japanese language --- Modality --- Grammar --- J5250 --- Japan: Language -- grammar -- verbs, auxiliaries, modality --- Koguryo language --- Modality. --- Language and languages --- Philosophy.

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Linguistics --- Linguistic analysis (Linguistics)

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This book presents the state of the art in research on grammaticalization, the process by which lexical items acquire grammatical function, grammatical items get additional functions, and grammars are created. Leading scholars from around the world introduce and discuss the core theoretical and methodological bases of grammaticalization, report on work in the field, and point to promising directions for new research. They represent every relevant theoretical perspective and approach.Research on grammaticalization and its role in linguistic change encompasses work on languages from every major linguistic family. Its results offer valuable insights for all theoretical frameworks, including generative, construction, and cognitive grammar, and relates to work in fields such as phonology, sociolinguistics, and language acquisition. The handbook provides a full, critical assessment of every aspect of this research. It is divided into five parts, of which the first two are devoted to theory and method, the third and fourth to work in linguistic domains, classes, and cateogories, and the fifth to case studies of grammaticalization in a range of languages. It will be an indispensable source of information and inspiration for all those who wish to know more about this fascinating and important field.

Grammar --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Grammaticalization --- Grammaticalization. --- Comparative grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Language and languages --- Philosophical grammar --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Semantics --- Grammar, Comparative --- Syntax --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Grammaticalization --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Grammaticalization - Case studies

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"This volume explores the way in which grammaticalization processes--whereby lexical words eventually become markers of grammatical categories--converge and differ across various types of language. While grammaticalization at its core is a unidirectional phenomenon, in which the same pathways of change are replicated across languages, certain language types and language areas have distinct preferences with respect to what they grammaticalize and how. Previous work has principally addressed this question with specific reference to languages of Southeast and East Asia that do not seem to grammaticalize paradigms of categories in the same manner as Indo-European languages, or form extensive grammaticalization chains. This volume takes a broader approach and proceeds systematically area by area: specialists in the field address the processes of grammaticalization in languages of Africa, Europe, Asia and the Pacific, and the Americas, and in creole languages. The studies reveal a number of unique pathways of grammaticalization in each language area, as well as identifying the universal shared features of the phenomenon"--Dust jacket.

Historical linguistics --- Comparative linguistics --- Grammar --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Typology (Linguistics) --- Language and languages --- Linguistic typology --- Linguistics --- Linguistic universals --- Grammaticalization --- Semantics --- Typology --- Classification --- Syntax --- Grammaticalization. --- Philology --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Grammaticalization

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This textbook introduces and explains the fundamental issues, major research questions, and current approaches in the study of grammaticalization. Each chapter offers guidance on further reading, and concludes with study questions to encourage further discussion; there is also a glossary of key terminology in the field.

Grammar --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Grammaticalization --- Semantics --- Syntax --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Grammaticalization