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The status of use of bioenergy, the current barriers for increased use and the future use of bioenergy in the Nordic-Baltic-NW Russian region is described in this report. In this region, forests are abundant and a long tradition of growing agricultural crops is evident. Therefore, there are sound possibilities for an increased future use of bioenergy, which can become an important part of a sustainable energy supply. However, bioenergy production is a juvenile industry, where political decisions are of prime importance for lifting the utilisation of bioenergy to the full impact on economy and environment. A number of the main technical bottlenecks have already been solved and biofuels are used on a relatively large commercial scale today. A full scale technical development of the bioenergy area must be market driven, but the technology is just below the threshold level where it will attract the large scale investments needed to establish a market. Holistic strategies and interdisciplinary efforts taking all part of the bioenergy chain into account is important. Political support in the form of limited subsidies or mandatory use of bioenergy will have a large positive impact on the creation of a commercial market with committed involvement from the industries.

Economic conditions.

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The toxic heavy metal cadmium is used in rechargeable nickel cadmium (NiCd) batteries, and is spread to the environment through, among others, treatment of waste containing the batteries that have not been sorted out. Cordless power tools currently constitute the largest single input of portable nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries in many European countries. This report describes the supply situation for cordless power tools in the Nordic countries and discusses the key technical factors influencing substitution of NiMH for NiCd batteries in this sector. NiMH-driven power tools are sold in large quantities today, particularly on the professional market. Several large producers of cordless power tools recommend NiMH to pro-fessionals. The report presents new data which may inform the process of defining a sustainable regulation of NiCd batteries in the European Union. The project was financed by the PA-group under the Nordic Council of Ministers.

Cadmium --- Nickel --- Electric batteries --- Environmental aspects.

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Læsefærdigheder er helt centrale for samfund som de nordiske, særligt når man søger at etablere sig som videnssamfund. Dette studie konstaterer, at eleverne fra de nordiske lande ikke er lige gode til at læse. Der konkluderes endvidere en interessant forskel i de nordiske pigers og drenges læsefærdigheder - hvor drengene markerer sig ved at halte endnu længere bagud. I denne sammenhæng skiller de nordiske lande sig negativt ud i forhold til resten af Europa. Studiet anbefaler enkelte indsatsområder som eventuelt kan styrkes gennem nordisk samarbejde. Studien er udarbejdet for Nordisk Ministerråd af Danmarks Evalueringsinstitut, som har fået faglig støtte fra en referencegruppe bestående af repræsentanter fra Nordisk Ministerråds styregruppe for nordisk skolesamarbejde (NSS). Nærværende studie indgår i en serie af fire studie med fælleoverskrift "Norden som global vinderegion", der udpeger politikområder, som har en særlig relevans for de nordiske lande, i lyset af den stigende globalisering og det øget pres på de nordiske landes økonomiske konkurrenceevne.

Reading.