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Referendum --- Public opinion --- European Economic Community

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Discrimination. --- Information society. --- Information technology --- Rule of law. --- Social aspects. --- Technology and law. --- Artificial intelligence --- Agent (Philosophy) --- Agency (Law) --- Civil rights. --- Technique et droit --- Technologie de l'information --- Intelligence artificielle --- Agent (philosophie) --- Personne (philosophie) --- Société numérique. --- Droits civils et politiques. --- Aspect social. --- Data protection --- Protection de l'information (informatique) --- Data protection. --- Technique et droit.

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The book describes the Internet, and how Internet governance prevents it fragmenting into a ‘Splinternet’. Four opposing ideologies about how data flows around the network have become prominent because they are (a) implemented by technical standards, and (b) backed by influential geopolitical entities. Each of these specifies an ‘Internet’, described in relation to its implementation by a specific geopolitical entity. The four Internets of the title are: the Silicon Valley Open Internet, developed by pioneers of the Internet in the 1960s, based on principles of openness and efficient dataflow; the Brussels Bourgeois Internet, exemplified by the European Union, with a focus on human rights and legal administration; the DC Commercial Internet, exemplified by the Washington establishment and its focus on property rights and market solutions; and the Beijing Paternal Internet, exemplified by the Chinese government’s control of Internet content. These Internets have to coexist if the Internet as a whole is to remain connected. The book also considers the weaponization of the hacking ethic as the Moscow Spoiler model, exemplified by Russia’s campaigns of misinformation at scale; this is not a vision of the Internet, but is parasitic on the others. Each of these ideologies is illustrated by a specific policy question. Potential future directions of Internet development are considered, including the policy directions that India might take, and the development of technologies such as artificial intelligence, smart cities, the Internet of Things, and social machines. A conclusion speculates on potential future Internets that may emerge alongside those described.

Internet governance --- Internet --- Political aspects --- Internet governance. --- Political aspects. --- Internet - Political aspects --- Governance, Internet --- Management

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Social machines are a type of network connected by interactive digital devices made possible by the ubiquitous adoption of technologies such as the Internet, the smartphone, social media and the read/write World Wide Web, connecting people at scale to document situations, cooperate on tasks, exchange information, or even simply to play. Existing social processes may be scaled up, and new social processes enabled, to solve problems, augment reality, create new sources of value, and disrupt existing practice. This book considers what talents one would need to understand or build a social machine, describes the state of the art, and speculates on the future, from the perspective of the EPSRC project SOCIAM – The Theory and Practice of Social Machines. The aim is to develop a set of tools and techniques for investigating, constructing and facilitating social machines, to enable us to narrow down pragmatically what is becoming a wide space, by asking ‘when will it be valuable to use these methods on a sociotechnical system?’ The systems for which the use of these methods adds value are social machines in which there is rich person-to-person communication, and where a large proportion of the machine’s behaviour is constituted by human interaction.

Internet --- Social aspects. --- Computer science. --- Technology—Sociological aspects. --- Social media. --- Computers and Society. --- Science and Technology Studies. --- Social Media. --- Data-driven Science, Modeling and Theory Building. --- Technology --- Sociological aspects. --- User-generated media --- Communication --- User-generated content --- Informatics --- Science --- Sociology of technology --- Sociology --- Computers and civilization. --- Sociophysics. --- Econophysics. --- Economics --- Statistical physics --- Mathematical sociology --- Civilization and computers --- Civilization --- Statistical methods

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This book presents the refereed proceedings of the 9th European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop, EKAW '96, held in Nottingham, UK, in May 1996. The 23 revised full papers included address the most relevant theoretical and applicational aspects of knowledge acquisition with a certain emphasis on the acquisition of knowledge for the modelling or automation of complex problem-solving behaviour. The volume is organized in sections on theoretical and general issues, eliciting knowledge from textual or other sources, data-mining, group elicitation, and planning.

Knowledge acquisition (Expert systems) --- Congresses. --- Congresses --- Artificial intelligence. --- Information storage and retrieval systems. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Information Storage and Retrieval. --- Automatic data storage --- Automatic information retrieval --- Automation in documentation --- Computer-based information systems --- Data processing systems --- Data storage and retrieval systems --- Discovery systems, Information --- Information discovery systems --- Information processing systems --- Information retrieval systems --- Machine data storage and retrieval --- Mechanized information storage and retrieval systems --- Computer systems --- Electronic information resources --- Data libraries --- Digital libraries --- Information organization --- Information retrieval --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Knowledge acquisition (Expert systems) - Congresses