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A milestone in our understanding of the ideology and practice of an Islamic state, this book chronicles and analyses political life in Iran since the revolution showing the gradual transformation of the state from intended theocracy and republic to a hierocracy in which Islam and the shari'a play a subordinate role. Asghar Schirazi takes as his starting point the major contradictions inherent in the constitution - between its legalistic and democratic components and between the alleged potential of a legally and ideologically interpreted Islam as a means of solving social problems, and the growing evidence that this Islam is an inadequate legal and political basis for government in present-day Iran. Through a detailed examination of the genesis of the constitution, its content and its actual development since the inception of the Islamic Republic to the present day, this study charts the elimination in practice of the constitution's democratic elements and the gradual replacement of Islamic legalism with the interest of the state as the key criterion for dealing with problems. Schirazi argues that in this manner a separation of state and religion is taking place.

Constitutional law --- Constitutional history --- Iran --- Politics and government --- Islam and state --- Constitution (Law) --- Constitutional law - Iran --- Constitutional history - Iran --- Iran - Politics and government

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Military psychiatry --- War neuroses. --- Combat Disorders. --- Combat Disorders --- Military Psychiatry. --- History. --- Therapeutics.

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"In A Dictionary of Early Middle Turkic Hendrik Boeschoten describes the lexical material contained in works written in different varieties of Eastern Turkic in and around the fourteenth century, e.g. before the classical age of Chaghatay Turkic; late Karakhanid, Khwarezmian Turkic, Golden Horde Turkic, Mamluk Turkic, and early Azeri. As the existing, previously published dictionaries are now antiquated and hardly cover this period (most relevant works were not yet known at their time of writing), A Dictionary of Early Middle Turkic is a most welcome addition to the field"--

Turkic languages --- Turkic languages --- History

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The Ocean of the Soul is one of the great works of the German Orientalist Hellmut Ritter (1892-1971). It presents a comprehensive analysis of the writings of the mystical Persian poet Farīd al-Dīn 'Aṭṭār who is thought to have died at an advanced age in April 1221 when the Mongols destroyed his home city of Nīshāpūr in the north-east of Iran. The book, which resulted from decades of investigation of literary and historical sources, was first published in 1955 and has since remained unsurpassed not only as the definitive study of 'Aṭṭār's world of ideas but as an indispensable guide to understanding pre-modern Islamic literature in general. Quoting at length from 'Aṭṭār and other Islamic sources, Ritter sketches an extraordinarily vivid portrait of the Islamic attitude toward life, characteristic developments in pious and ascetic circles, and, in conclusion, various dominant mystical currents of thought and feeling. Special attention is given to a wide range of views on love, love in all its manifestations, including homosexuality and the commonplace sūfī adoration of good-looking youths. Ritter's approach is throughout based onprecise philological interpretation of primary sources, several of which he has himself made available in critical editions.

'Attar, Farid al-Din, --- Criticism and interpretation. --- 'Aṭṭār, Farīd al-Dīn, --- Criticism and interpretation --- ʻAṭṭār, Farīd al-Dīn, --- 'Aṭṭār, Farīd al-Dīn, - d. ca. 1230 - Criticism and interpretation --- 'Aṭṭār, Farīd al-Dīn, - d. ca. 1230 --- Islamic ethics --- Sufism --- Weltbild

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Theology and Society is the most comprehensive study of Islamic intellectual and religious history, focusing on Muslim theology. With its emphasis on the eighth and ninth centuries CE, it remains the most detailed prosopographical study of the early phase of the formation of Islam. Originally published in German between 1991 and 1995, Theology and Society is a monument of scholarship and a unique scholarly enterprise which has stood the test of time as an unparalleled reference work.

Islam --- Doctrines --- History.