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This pivot sets Muslim shrines within the wider context of Heritage Studies in the Muslim world and considers their role in the articulation of sacred landscapes, their function as sites of cultural memory and their links to different religious traditions. Reviewing the historiography of Muslim shrines paying attention to the different ways these places have been studied, through anthropology, archaeology, history, and religious studies, the text discusses the historical and archaeological evidence for the development of shrines in the region from pre-Islamic times up to the present day. It also assesses the significance of Muslim shrines in the modern Middle East focusing on the diverse range of opinions and treatments, from veneration to destruction and argues that the shrines have a unique social function as a means of direct contact with the past in a region where changing political configurations have often distorted conventional historical narratives.

Architecture. --- Islam-Doctrines. --- Archaeology. --- Architectural History and Theory. --- Islamic Theology. --- Archeology --- Anthropology --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- History --- Antiquities --- Architecture, Western (Western countries) --- Building design --- Buildings --- Construction --- Western architecture (Western countries) --- Art --- Building --- Design and construction --- Islam—Doctrines. --- Architecture, Primitive --- Iseschrein --- Middle East --- Palästina --- Schrein --- Ise-Jingū --- Ise Jingū --- Ise --- Palestine --- Filasṭīn --- Falasṭīn --- Pālēśtīnā --- Palaestina --- ʾĒrēts Yiśrāʾel --- Eretz Yisrael --- Erez Israel --- Eretz Israel --- Heiliges Land --- Gelobtes Land --- Israel --- Erets Israel --- Erets Yiśraʼel --- Erez Jisrael --- Falastīn --- Filasṭīn --- Memshelet Paleśtinah --- Palesṭin --- Palestina --- Paleśtinah

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Cities and towns --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- History.

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Mortgage-backed securities --- -Commercial loans --- -Mortgage-backed securities --- -Law and legislation -

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This volume contains papers presented at Koli Calling 2021, the 21st Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research. Koli Calling is a single-track conference covering a range of topics relating to education in the computing disciplines. This year's conference was held virtually on November 18-21, 2021. An affiliated Doctoral Consortium, "AI Education for All," was held November 16-17. We were fortunate to have a keynote presented by Dr. Sue Sentance, Chief Learning Officer at the Raspberry Pi Foundation and Director of the Raspberry Pi Computing Education Research Centre at the University of Cambridge. Dr. Sentance delivered an address entitled "Teaching computing in school: is K-12 research reaching classroom practice?" These conference received 76 paper submissions from 30 countries around the world. 20 were accepted as full papers and 8 as short papers, for an acceptance rate of 37%. An additional 11 peer-reviewed posters and 6 Doctoral Consortium posters were accepted for presentation. Each paper was double-blind reviewed by at least three program committee members. A Senior PC member facilitated a discussion of the reviews and then wrote a metareview based on the reviews and discussion. For the first time at Koli, several papers were accepted conditionally; those papers were assigned a shepherd who made a fnal acceptance decision after receiving a revised draft. Koli Calling would not have been possible without the hard work of these program committee and senior program committee members, to whom we extend our appreciation and thanks. We also extend our sincere thanks to Ilkka Jormanainen (the Local Chair) and to the University of Eastern Finland. Koli Calling would not be possible without their continuing logistical and financial support. Finally, no conference can succeed without its participants. We thank the many authors for their contributions and engaging presentations, and we thank the attendees for maintaining Koli's strong community through their active participation in the talks and social events. Next year, we hope to be able to welcome you back to Koli Calling's traditional site, the Koli National Forest in Finland!.

Computer science

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This book presents a comprehensive overview of the history, archaeology and architecture of the city of Ramla from the time of its foundation as the capital of Umayyad Palestine around 715 until the end of Ottoman rule in 1917.

Excavations (Archaeology)