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In Kenya, skills constraints are reported to have a detrimental impact on job creation and labor market outcomes. Employers have reported concerns with the level and relevance of a broad set of socio-emotional skills and cognitive skills amongst job applicants and recently hired workers. These skill gaps affect firms' competitiveness (ability to grow and create more jobs), as well as productivity (better wages). Evidence of job dissatisfaction on both the demand and supply side suggests that workers are not being matched with the right jobs. Three policy implication are derived from these results. First, worker mobility and resilience to new challenges requires the continuous upgrading of skills through on-the-job and other training opportunities. Second, with the projected population growth rate (for young people) there is an urgent need to foster high productivity jobs, as well as jobs that are inclusive (to vulnerable populations). Third, in order to address the skills mismatch, comprehensive labor market information is needed to guide students and jobseekers by providing unemployment data, job vacancies and the level of wages by occupation type.

Education --- Educational Attainment --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- On-The-Job Training --- Productivity --- Secondary Education --- Skills Development and Labor Force Training --- Social Protections and Labor --- Vocational and Technical Education

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Introduction: Accurate age estimation of sub-adults is of importance not only for medico-legal purposes but also due to the increased number of irregular migrants making their way to developed countries from war-torn and developing countries. Every year a number of Pakistani individuals travel through perilous and illegal routes to reach the EU, thus making it important to be able to carry out age estimations of the Pakistani demographic with other migrating groups. The third molars, although variable in terms of development , are the only teeth present in sub-adults and are therefore used extensively for dental age estimation in this age category. The Belgian Bayesian method has shown accuracy in the past when applied on different population groups for classifying individuals as adults or juveniles, along with comparable age prediction outcomes. Aim: To validate the Belgian Bayesian approach in a Pakistani and Belgian sub-adult sample and to classify individuals as juveniles and adults. Materials and Methods: On 403 Pakistani and 450 Belgian panoramic radiographs the present third molars were staged according the Köhler et al. staging technique. The data was analyzed using the Belgian Bayesian model and the different outcomes were compared between the two samples including the point predictions based on the 95% trimmed mean along with the sensitivity and specificity based on the point prediction, the uncertainties of the point estimates that is the mean error, the mean absolute error, the root mean squared error , and the coverage which was the number of individuals within the prediction interval, the under/over estimation, the sensitivity and specificity based on the prediction interval and the discrimination slope were all compared between to the two samples. Results: The mean error was 0.26 and -0.29 for the Belgian and Pakistani samples (p-value <.0001). The MAE compared between the two samples was 1.80 for the Belgian and 1.82 for the Pakistani sample with a p-value of 0.8359. Comparison of the root mean squared error between both samples yielded these results respectively for Belgium and Pakistan, 2.281 and 2.362. The difference in coverage was 4%, while that for under estimation and overestimation was 3.6 %and 0.4% respectively. The difference in sensitivity, firstly based on point prediction was 1% and secondly based on prediction interval was 5.52%. Similarly for specificity, the difference firstly based on point prediction was 16.5% and secondly based on prediction interval was 0.7% . The difference in discrimination slope was 0.107. Conclusion: The results that were obtained and compared between both samples were comparable with very little differences concluding that the Belgian Bayesian approach can be applied on different population groups.