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As immigration increases, so does its influence on U.S. demographics, including the demographics of higher education. Almost as many legal immigrants entered the United States during the 1980s (7.3 million) as during the preceding two decades (7.8 million). How and why have the nation's colleges and universities responded to a growing immigrant population on campus? This report addresses these questions. The picture that emerges is largely one of inattention coupled with widespread assumptions about immigrant students, assumptions that are unconfirmed by empirical data and analysis. The authors argue that, unchecked, these assumptions could result in unfair practices and reduced educational quality for immigrant students. Because of higher education's critical role in promoting economic assimilation, its leaders should be paying more attention to issues involving these students. To do so, they need descriptive statistics about immigrants' enrollment and retention in college, attitudinal and needs assessment studies, and evaluations of student outcomes and the effectiveness of remedial and English-as-a-second-language programs. Such information can help institutions determine whether administration and faculty perceptions and assumptions about immigrants provide an accurate foundation for future policy and program development.

Immigrants --- Education --- Education (Higher) --- Demographic aspects

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Court-annexed arbitration is a court-run dispute resolution process to which cases that meet some specified criteria are involuntarily assigned. Arbitrators hear the case and render awards that are not binding, however, as a litigant may always request a trial. In the last decade, court-annexed arbitration has gained popularity as a means of handling small civil cases. Using in-depth analysis of arbitration in several courts, and survey results from a remaining group of courts, this report summarizes the variety of program design alternatives, assesses the probable implications of choosing one set of alternatives over another, and discusses methods that courts adopting arbitration might use to evaluate its effectiveness.

Arbitration and award --- States.

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This study profiles private alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in Los Angeles. The study focused on all civil money suits in Los Angeles county in 1992 and 1993. Data came from interviews with six of the most active private ADR organizations, a survey of third-party neutrals offering services, and the Los Angeles County Superior Court case records. The study found that private ADR is a small, but growing segment of the Los Angeles market and has the potential to reduce court workload. Private ADR is attracting substantial numbers of judges at retirement age. Because nearly half the private ADR cases are automobile personal injury disputes, private ADR is probably not currently reducing the courts' ability to set precedents through the public decision process. Providers of ADR services have substantial training and experience. Private ADR is serving individuals, business, and especially insurers. Most private ADR users choose arbitration, but mediation is receiving an increasing number of disputes.

Dispute resolution (Law)

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Dispute resolution (Law) --- Evaluation.