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Since the mid-19th century military powers and various writers have tried to define the notion of belligerent occupation and, in particular, the beginning thereof. There are many situations in which a state of occupation is controversial or even denied. When is control so effective that an invasion turns into a state of belligerent occupation? What is the minimum area of a territory that can be occupied; a town, a hamlet, a house or what about a hill taken by the armed forces? This paper examines what seems to be an important gap of the Fourth Geneva Convention: contrary to the Hague Regulations of 1907 it does not provide a definition of belligerent occupation. It is argued that the Fourth Geneva Convention follows its own rules of applicability and that therefore the provisions relative to occupied territories apply in accordance with the “functional beginning” of belligerent occupation approach from the moment that a protected person finds him or herself in the hands of the enemy. Henry Dunant Prize 2010 from the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights (ADH Geneva)

International Law --- Law, Politics & Government --- Treaties, International --- Geneva Convention Fourth (1949) --- belligerent occupation --- protection of civilians --- dispute settlement --- conflict security and peacebuilding --- International Committee of the Red ‎Cross (ICRC) --- humanitarian action

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Trust is an important factor in risk management, affecting judgements of risk and benefit, technology acceptance and other forms of cooperation. In this book the world's leading risk researchers explore all aspects of trust as it relates to risk management and communication. The authors draw on a wide variety of disciplinary approaches and empirical case studies on topics such as mobile phone technology, well-known food accidents and crises, wetland management, smallpox vaccination, cooperative risk management of US forests and the disposal of the Brent Spar oil drilling platform. 1.Trust, Risk Perception and the TCC Model of Cooperation10.Getting Out of the Swamp: Towards Understanding Sources of Local Officials11.Trust in Wetlands Management12.Antecedents of System Trust: Cues and Process Feedback13.Trust and Confidence in Crisis Communication: Three Case Studies2.Social Identity and the Group Context of Trust: Managing Risk and Building Trust through Belonging3.Trust and Risk: Implications for Management 4. A Social Judgement Analysis of Trust: People as Intuitive Detection Theorists5.Scepticism, Reliance and Risk Managing Institutions: Towards a Conceptual Model of Critical Trust?6.Societal Trust in Risk Analysis: Implications for the Interface of Risk Assessment and Risk Management 7.Rebuilding Consumer Trust in the Context of a Food Crisis8.Trust and Risk in Smallpox Vaccination9.The What, How and When of Social Reliance and Cooperative Risk ManagementThe book integrates diverse research traditions and provides new insights into the phenomenon of trust, including the factors that lead to the establishment and erosion of trust. Insightful analyses are provided for researchers and students of environmental and social science and professionals engaged in risk management and communication in both public and private sectors.

Risk management. --- Trust.