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In the late 1800's American entrepreneurs became participants in the 400-year history of European economic and ecological hegemony in the tropics. Beginning as buyers in the tropical ports of the Atlantic and Pacific, they evolved into land speculators, controlling and managing the areas where tropical crops were grown for carefully fostered consumer markets at home. As corporate agro-industry emerged, the speculators took direct control of the ecological destinies of many tropical lands. Supported by the U.S. government's diplomatic and military protection, they migrated and built private empires in the Caribbean, Central and South America, the Pacific, Southeast Asia, and West Africa. Yankee investors and plantation managers mobilized engineers, agronomists, and loggers to undertake what they called the "Conquest of the Tropics," claiming to bring civilization to benighted peoples and cultivation to unproductive nature. In competitive cooperation with local landed and political elites, they not only cleared natural forests but also displaced multicrop tribal and peasant lands with monocrop export plantations rooted in private property regimes. This book is a rich history of the transformation of the tropics in modern times, pointing ultimately to the declining biodiversity that has resulted from the domestication of widely varied natural systems. Richard P. Tucker graphically illustrates his study with six major crops, each a virtual empire in itself-sugar, bananas, coffee, rubber, beef, and timber. He concludes that as long as corporate-dominated free trade is ascendant, paying little heed to its long-term ecological consequences, the health of the tropical world is gravely endangered.

Tropical crops --- Investments, American --- Environmental degradation --- Cultures tropicales --- Investissements américains --- Environnement --- Economic aspects --- History --- Environmental aspects --- Aspect économique --- Histoire --- Aspect environnemental --- Dégradation --- Environmental degradation. --- Investments, American. --- Investments, American - Tropics - History - 20th century. --- Tropical crops. --- Tropical crops-- Economic aspects-- History-- 20th century. --- Business & Economics --- Agricultural Economics --- Investissements américains --- Aspect économique --- Dégradation --- Degradation, Environmental --- Destruction, Environmental --- Deterioration, Environmental --- Environmental destruction --- Environmental deterioration --- American investments --- Plantation crops --- Tropical agriculture --- Natural disasters --- Environmental quality --- Agriculture --- Crops --- Field crops --- Tropical plants --- E-books --- agriculture. --- american history. --- bananas. --- beef. --- biodiversity. --- caribbean. --- central america. --- civilization. --- coffee. --- commerce. --- commodities. --- conservation. --- cultivation. --- ecology. --- environment. --- environmental history. --- environmental impact. --- environmentalism. --- forest. --- free trade. --- land speculation. --- latin american history. --- monocrops. --- nonfiction. --- pacific. --- plantations. --- rubber. --- south america. --- southeast asia. --- sugar. --- timber. --- trade. --- transnational history. --- tropical crops. --- tropical lands. --- tropical ports. --- tropics. --- west africa. --- white mans burden.

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War --- Environmental aspects --- Polemology --- World history --- War - Environmental aspects

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Deforestation --- Deforestation --- Forests and forestry --- Forests and forestry --- Clearing of land --- Clearing of land --- History --- Congresses. --- History --- Congresses. --- History --- Congresses. --- History --- Congresses. --- History --- Congresses. --- History --- Congresses.

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This anthology surveys the ecological impacts of the First World War. Editors Richard P. Tucker, Tait Keller, J. R. McNeill, and Martin Schmidt bring together a list of experienced authors who explore the global interactions of states, armies, civilians, and the environment during the war. They show how the First World War ushered in enormous environmental changes, including the devastation of rural and urban environments, the consumption of strategic natural resources such as metals and petroleum, the impact of war on urban industry, and the disruption of agricultural landscapes leading to widespread famine. Taking a global perspective, Environmental Histories of the First World War presents the ecological consequences of the vast destructive power of the new weaponry and the close collaboration between militaries and civilian governments taking place during this time, showing how this war set trends for the rest of the century.

World War, 1914-1918 --- Famine --- Nature --- Anthropogenic effects on nature --- Ecological footprint --- Human beings --- Anthropogenic soils --- Human ecology --- Food supply --- Starvation --- European War, 1914-1918 --- First World War, 1914-1918 --- Great War, 1914-1918 --- World War 1, 1914-1918 --- World War I, 1914-1918 --- World War One, 1914-1918 --- WW I (World War, 1914-1918) --- WWI (World War, 1914-1918) --- History, Modern --- Environmental aspects. --- Influence. --- Food supply. --- History --- Effect of human beings on.

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Neurosciences --- G-protein couple receptor --- adhesion --- affective disorders --- molecular evolution --- transmembrane proteins --- neural development --- neuroplasticity --- synapse formation