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Normativity is what gives reasons their force, makes words meaningful, and makes rules and laws binding. It is present whenever we use such terms as ‘correct,' ‘ought,' ‘must,' and the language of obligation, responsibility, and logical compulsion. Yet normativists, the philosophers committed to this idea, admit that the idea of a non-causal normative realm and a body of normative objects is spooky. Explaining the Normative is the first systematic, historically grounded critique of normativism. It identifies the standard normativist pattern of argument, and shows how this pattern depends on circularities, assumptions about the unique correctness of preferred descriptions, problematic transcendental arguments, and regress arguments that end in mysteries. The book considers in detail a paradigm case: legal normativity as constructed by Hans Kelsen. This case exemplifies the problems with normativist arguments. But it also shows how normativism was constructed as an alternative to ordinary social science explanation. The normativist argument is that social science explanations themselves are forced to rely on normative conceptsÑminimally, on normative rationality and on a normative view of ‘concepts' themselves. Empathic understanding of the reasoning and meanings of others, however, can solve the regress problems about meaning and rationality that are central to the appeal of normativism. This account has no need for a parallel normative world, and has a surprising and revealing lineage in the history of philosophy, as well as a basis in neuroscience.

General ethics

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Sociology --- Sociologie --- History --- Philosophy --- Histoire --- Philosophie --- #SBIB:AANKOOP --- #SBIB:316.21H00 --- Theoretische sociologie: inleidingen op de huidige toestand

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The author points to the crisis in knowledge in liberal democracies. This crisis, simply put, is that most citizens cannot understand, much less judge, the claims scientists make.

Civil society. --- Democracy. --- Social sciences. --- Democracy --- Expertise --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Knowledge, Sociology of --- Civil society --- Political Science --- Social Sciences --- Law, Politics & Government --- Political Theory of the State --- Social Sciences - General --- Political aspects --- -Knowledge, Theory of --- -Knowledge, Sociology of --- #SBIB:324H30 --- #SBIB:324H31 --- #SBIB:324H50 --- #SBIB:043.IOS --- Social contract --- Knowledge, Theory of (Sociology) --- Sociology of knowledge --- Communication --- Public opinion --- Sociology --- Social epistemology --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Specialization --- Ability --- Self-government --- Political science --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Politieke cultuur --- Intellectuelen, politiek-maatschappelijk debat --- Politieke participatie en legitimiteit (referenda, directe democratie, publieke opinie...) --- Knowledge, Sociology of. --- Political aspects.

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Practice (Philosophy) --- Tradition (Philosophy) --- Theory (Philosophy) --- Tacit knowledge --- #SBIB:316.23H3 --- Wijsgerige grondslagen en discussie in de sociologie --- Knowledge [Theory of ]

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International scholarship over the last twenty years has produced a new understanding of Emile Durkheim as a thinker. It has contributed to reassembling what, for Durkheim, was always a whole: a sociological selection on morals and moral activism. This volume presents an overview of Durkheim's thought and is representative of the best of contemporary Durkheim scholarship.

Durkheim, Émile, --- Ethics, Modern --- Tʻu-erh-kan, --- Di︠u︡rkem, E., --- Durkheim, David Émile, --- Di︠u︡rkgeĭm, Ėmilʹ, --- Dyurukēmu, Emīru, --- Durkheim, Emilio, --- Dirkem, Emil, --- Durkheim, Émile, - 1858-1917