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Economic production --- Agronomy --- Exploitation agricole --- farms --- Pollution by agriculture --- Dégradation de l'environnement --- Environmental degradation --- Politique agricole --- Agricultural policies --- Gestion des ressources --- resource management --- Durabilité --- Sustainability --- Revenu de l'exploitation --- Farm income --- Planification de l'exploitation --- Farm planning --- Évaluation impact sur environnement --- Environmental impact assessment --- Économie agricole --- Agricultural economics --- Facteur de production --- production factors --- Fonction de production --- Production functions --- Économétrie --- Econometrics --- Théorie économique --- Economic theories --- Belgium --- 504.062 duurzaamheid --- 63 landbouw --- 631.147:504.06 duurzame landbouw --- .001.5 onderzoek --- 631.1 landbouwbedrijven --- 631.151.6 --- Integrated farm production systems. Sustainable agriculture --- Theses --- Sciences and engineering --- Humanities and social sciences --- biological sciences --- agriculture --- general --- social sciences --- economics --- agricultural --- 631.151.6 Integrated farm production systems. Sustainable agriculture --- general. --- agricultural. --- Social sciences --- Economics --- Agricultural. --- Biological sciences --- Agriculture --- General.
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Dit studieboek biedt een heldere inleiding tot de economische benadering van milieuvragen en de aansluitende beleidsaanpak. Hoewel inleidend, behandelen de auteurs de belangrijkste aspecten, met vernieuwende bijdragen zoals: verduidelijking van de inhoud van duurzame ontwikkeling, weergave van de kosten-batenafweging met afzonderlijke aandacht voor de publieke en de privésferen en verklaring van de EU-emissiehandel.De econoom ontdekt in het eerste hoofdstuk een ruimere visie door toetsing van de economische benadering aan inzichten uit andere disciplines. Het tweede hoofdstuk maakt de niet-econoom vertrouwd met de basisconcepten van economisch denken. Het derde hoofdstuk beschrijft de methoden om niet-geprijsde factoren alsnog een monetaire waarde toe te kennen. Het vierde hoofdstuk legt uit hoe economisch redeneren kan bijdragen tot milieubehoud in de praktijk. De afweging van kosten tegen baten van milieubehoud omcirkelt na te streven doelstellingen voor de gemeenschap. Het conflict tussen privé- en publiek belang maakt de zichtbare hand van het beleid nodig om de neuzen van de talrijke vervuilers in de richting van milieubehoud te zetten en te houden. De keuze van het geschikte beleidsinstrument komt uitgebreid aan bod in hoofdstuk vijf, met een overzichtelijke lijst van criteria en een diepgaande studie van de economische instrumenten bij uitstek: heffingen en verhandelbare emissievergunningen. Het laatste instrument is een hybride en om spraakverwarring te voorkomen, geldt het EU-emissiehandelsschema als referentie voor de studie. Het handboek sluit af met kernbegrippen van besluitvorming en een bespreking van de kosten-batenanalyse. Lesgevers die het boek als handboek benutten, kunnen bij de auteurs de powerpoint- bestanden aanvragen ter ondersteuning.
Environmental law --- Economics --- Environmental economics --- Belgium --- Environmental management --- Economic aspects --- PXL-Central Office 2018 --- milieubeleid --- milieuwetenschap --- economische impact --- duurzame ontwikkeling --- Milieu --- Milieubeleid --- Economie --- Duurzame ontwikkeling --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- code
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Social sustainability is an important part of sustainable development, although it has been broadly neglected in sustainabbility assessment analysis in comparison with the economic and environmental pillars. This is specially the case when limiting the scope of the analysis to the biobased economy. One of the examples of innovative technologies in the biobased economy is algae cultivationn system through which microalgae are able to take up CO2 as a carbon source during photosynthesis. Algae are seen as breakthroughs in CO2 capture and utilizations (CCUs) due to the metabolic capability to absorb inorganic carbon. CCUs are at low technology readiness levels (TRLs) and mainly in the research and development phase through which the implications of CCU are evaluated in terms of environmental, economic and technical indices while social concerns are usually neglected in the majority of impact evaluations in the past. A comprehensive literature review on the existing methodologies for social sustainability assessments in this research demonstrated that social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) is a promising approach for evaluating the social impacts of biobased products and processes along their life cycles. However, its applicability is questionable when a company is considered as the functional unit of analysis. Besides, the difficulty of linking social values with an integrated sustainability assessment model arises when an efficient transition towards sustainability matters. Using two case study examples (i.e., algae cultivations and CCUs), the binary focus of this dissertation is on the assessment of the possibilities and challenges of ; i) conducting the S-LCA at company level in the biobased economy in terms of existing research needs for improving sustainability assessment approaches and methodologies, and ii) testing the possibility of the incorporation of the social impacts into a techno-economic assessment (TEA) concentrating on the company's performance along the life cycle. In order to effectively conduct the S-LCA, first, a systemic approach tailored to the biobased economy was developed through which the steps for conducting the social impact assessment along the life cycle were defined. Following the developed systemic approach, a survey among European CCU experts was conducted to determine the most relavant social assessment topics and indicators. This was done using modified-multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), and bases on the list of potential social impact categories suggested by the UNEP/SETAC guidelines (2009). Three relevant stakeholders (workers, consumers and local community) were considered as the main social impact categories through the life cycle phases of CCU activities. The results for the indicator set covers the following main criteria : for the workers group : "Fair Salary" ; "Health and Safety" ; and "Equal Opportunities/Discrimination" ; for the consumer group : "End of Life Responsabilty", "Transparency", and "Health and Safety" ; and for the locan community group : "Safe and Healthy Living Conditions", "Secure Living Conditions" and "Local Employment". The identified social topics were used in response to the question of relevance and feasability of the S-LCA at company level in the biobased economy. Accordingly, a CO2-based algae cultivation system is used as a case study example through which the company's performance on the identified social impact categories are considered using both quantitative and semi-quantitative impact assessment approaches for the S-LCA. By doing so, needs for improvements and the limitations of the S-LCA at company level within the biobased economy were underlined. The possibility of the incorporation of social impacts into a TEA model, was tested using an illustrative exercise on the algae case. The calculation prameters for accidents at the workplace were used as a measure of "health and safety of workers" which was identified as an important social indicator. Accordingly, a cost-related model was constructed linked to the technical and economic models of the TEA. By doing do, the feasability of an alternative innovative technology was lighlighted from a social perspective in comparison with an existing conventional system. The accidents cost at the workplace was demonstrated for both cultivation systems and its effect was later reflected in the main economic outcome of the TEA. The contribution of the total internal accident costs in the final economic outcome of the model was not large in the case study and by itself might not be encouraging for companies to invest in (further) prevention plans and safety measures. Existence of policies to control the current accident rates will be of importance in case of measuring both the internal and external cost of accidents to society to reach a total social cost to be incorporated into the TEA. By doing so, the need for any additional accident prevention plan with major external benefits is underlined. Nevertheless, the illustrative exercise can be a starting point towards a comprehensive sustainability analysis in feasibility studies of innovative technologies while the social pillar is taken into account for developing a technology from the sustanability perspective. The outcome of this dissertation enables companies to pay more attention to the social domain when implementing innovative technologies at higher TRLs. Besides, it contributes to the development of a suitable and clear S-LCA approach and provide insights on the possibilities of incorporating the social impacts into TEAs when a company is considered as the unit of analysis.
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Basic Sciences. Agriculture --- Agriculture by Geographic Region --- Europe --- Netherlands.
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Academic collection --- 631.11 <493-17> --- 631.151.6 --- Farms, farm properties and farming systems--Vlaanderen. Vlaams Gewest. Nederlandstalige Gemeenschap in België --- Integrated farm production systems. Sustainable agriculture --- Social Sciences and Humanities. Agricultural Economics --- Agricultural Policy --- Agricultural Policy. --- 631.151.6 Integrated farm production systems. Sustainable agriculture --- 631.11 <493-17> Farms, farm properties and farming systems--Vlaanderen. Vlaams Gewest. Nederlandstalige Gemeenschap in België
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One of the main objectives of implementing a circular economy system is the reuse and recycling of resources. Closing material cycles and renewable-based electricity and fuel production are essential to such systems. To achieve a high degree of circularity, waste streams have to be rethought and integrated from a cradle-to-grave to a cradle-to-cradle approach. However, today's circular economy strategies mostly focus on current waste streams, while past waste streams, buried in landfills, could play an important role when recovering resources and energy. Hence, a well-thought-out circular economy strategy should include the re-integration of past waste streams. A grave-to-cradle approach is needed. Landfill mining (LFM), i.e. the excavation and processing of formerly buried waste to energy and materials, aims at utilizing these past waste streams. Doing so could bear potential economic, environmental, and societal burdens and benefits. Originating from landfill remediation projects, landfill mining has been further developed towards resource recovery. Today, using up-to-date technologies and following the most stringent environmental and social criteria, the concept is also known as enhanced landfill mining (ELFM).Throughout the relevant scientific literature, most attention is given to advances in technological development for (E)LFM, as well as its techno-economic and environmental assessment. Societal assessments of LFM projects are rare and treat societal impacts only selectively or from unilateral societal perspectives. If stakeholders are included in societal (E)LFM assessments, only industrial actors, like landfill operators, and governmental actors are asked to participate. A holistic stakeholder assessment for (E)LFM is missing. Moreover, the diverse societal impacts - ranging from socio-environmental benefits through the mitigation of health risks, over socio-economic benefits through land reclamation, and social benefits through community engagement, for example - are either only studied selectively or evaluated as one, entangling various societal effects. A holistic and specific assessment of societal factors affecting (E)LFM implementation is also missing. This thesis uses an anticipatory approach to tackle these challenges. This approach aims to integrate stakeholder values and include uncertainty through the use of multiple social perspectives and prospective modeling tools. In-depth interviews were conducted to develop a typology of (E)LFM stakeholders and to elicit the most important stakeholder needs. Stakeholders were selected along an extended quadruple helix framework, including industrial, institutional, scientific, and community actors. Furthermore, using system dynamics tools, namely causal loop diagrams, societal systems of (E)LFM could be visualized and analyzed. Finally, a discrete choice experiment was conducted to evaluate a set of societal factors representing the conversion of a landfill into a public park for recreational use.The in-depth interviews included landfill operators, technology providers and incubators, local governments and governmental institutions, as well as researchers and community members. To structure the diverse perspectives of stakeholders on (E)LFM, five stakeholder archetypes were developed: The Entrepreneur, the Engaged Citizen, the Visionary, the Technology Enthusiast, and the Skeptic. The archetypes capture important characteristics and opinions approaching (E)LFM implementation. They differ in risk perceptions, knowledge base, influence on (E)LFM's systemic and project implementation, and their main concerns and motivations. Furthermore, 18 stakeholder needs were derived from the interviews. This includes societal, environmental, regulatory, and techno-economic needs. The needs are put in relation to the affected stakeholders and sustainability dimensions. Uncertainties that could potentially be reduced through the fulfillment of each need are qualitatively assessed. Quantitatively, stakeholders were focusing on societal, regulatory, and techno-economic needs, whereas qualitative emphasis was given to environmental needs, especially the avoidance of impacts from primary resource production. When meeting stakeholder needs fairly, intra- and inter-dimensional trade-offs have to be considered as different perspectives can lead to different and sometimes contradicting implications for (E)LFM implementation. To conceptualize societal systems of (E)LFM, causal loop diagrams were developed following system dynamics methodology. The visualizations show how (E)LFM is embedded in its societal context. Variables comprising the societal impact were analyzed, and mechanisms affecting the public project acceptance and the market acceptance of (E)LFM products worked out. Leverage points were identified, helping (E)LFM practitioners and policymakers to minimize potential risks and maximize potential benefits. To these count technological choices, stakeholder involvement, the after-use, quality standards, and LFM regulation in general, amongst others. To disentangle and evaluate societal impacts of (E)LFM, a discrete choice experiment was conducted deriving the utility of five distinct attributes: the size of a landfill, the project duration, job creation, disamenities, and climate impacts. To determine the willingness to pay, perform scenario analysis, and model policy simulations, a sixth attribute was added representing a cost factor for project implementation. Environmental considerations are most important to the sample, while project duration and disamenities also play a significant role. The scenario analysis and policy simulations show that taxing households for (E)LFM implementation is a viable option, especially for environmentally beneficial projects. Nonetheless, a favorable combination of the remaining attributes can compensate utility losses for environmentally questionable projects. As risks of classical landfill management practices are likely to grow with an updated evaluation of after-care periods lasting up to 100 years and more, positive effects of (E)LFM become even more noteworthy. Nonetheless, (E)LFM projects also pose potential risks like groundwater contamination or the reintroduction of hazardous materials. If executed poorly, (E)LFM projects could potentially do more harm than good. A mix of policy measures is recommended to push a major part of potential (E)LFM projects from being environmentally beneficial and economically inefficient to being societally, environmentally, and economically favorable. Overall, more research is necessary to integrate (E)LFM into circular economy strategies and build a sensible grave-to-cradle approach.
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