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Even as the evidence of global warming mounts, the international response to this serious threat is coming unraveled. The United States has formally withdrawn from the 1997 Kyoto Protocol; other key nations are facing difficulty in meeting their Kyoto commitments; and developing countries face no limit on their emissions of the gases that cause global warming. In this clear and cogent book-reissued in paperback with an afterword that comments on recent events--David Victor explains why the Kyoto Protocol was never likely to become an effective legal instrument. He explores how its collapse offers opportunities to establish a more realistic alternative. Global warming continues to dominate environmental news as legislatures worldwide grapple with the process of ratification of the December 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The collapse of the November 2000 conference at the Hague showed clearly how difficult it will be to bring the Kyoto treaty into force. Yet most politicians, policymakers, and analysts hailed it as a vital first step in slowing greenhouse warming. David Victor was not among them. Kyoto's fatal flaw, Victor argues, is that it can work only if emissions trading works. The Protocol requires industrialized nations to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases to specific targets. Crucially, the Protocol also provides for so-called "emissions trading," whereby nations could offset the need for rapid cuts in their own emissions by buying emissions credits from other countries. But starting this trading system would require creating emission permits worth two trillion dollars--the largest single invention of assets by voluntary international treaty in world history. Even if it were politically possible to distribute such astronomical sums, the Protocol does not provide for adequate monitoring and enforcement of these new property rights. Nor does it offer an achievable plan for allocating new permits, which would be essential if the system were expanded to include developing countries. The collapse of the Kyoto Protocol--which Victor views as inevitable--will provide the political space to rethink strategy. Better alternatives would focus on policies that control emissions, such as emission taxes. Though economically sensible, however, a pure tax approach is impossible to monitor in practice. Thus, the author proposes a hybrid in which governments set targets for both emission quantities and tax levels. This offers the important advantages of both emission trading and taxes without the debilitating drawbacks of each. Individuals at all levels of environmental science, economics, public policy, and politics-from students to professionals--and anyone else hoping to participate in the debate over how to slow global warming will want to read this book.

-Greenhouse gas mitigation --- -Abatement of greenhouse gas emissions --- Pollution prevention --- Warming, Global --- Global temperature changes --- Jingdu tiao yue --- Jingdu xie yi shu --- Jingdu yi ding shu --- Konvensi Perubahan Iklim --- Kyōto giteisho --- Kyoto Protocol --- Kyoto Treaty --- Lian he guo qi hou bian hua kuang jia gong yue de Jingdu yi ding shu --- Protokol Kyoto --- Protokol Kyoto Untuk Konvensi Kerangka Kerja PBB Tentang Perubahan Iklim --- 京都协议书 --- 京都条约 --- 京都議定書 --- 京都议定书 --- 联合国气候变化框架公约的京都议定书 --- Greenhouse gas mitigation --- Global warming --- Abatement of greenhouse gas emissions --- Emission reduction, Greenhouse gas --- Emissions reduction, Greenhouse gas --- GHG mitigation --- Greenhouse gas abatement --- Greenhouse gas emission reduction --- Greenhouse gas emissions reduction --- Greenhouse gas reduction --- Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions --- Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions --- Government policy. --- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Human ecology. Social biology --- Sociology of culture --- Government policy --- Réchauffement de la Terre --- Gaz à effet de serre --- Politique gouvernementale --- Réduction --- Global warming - Government policy --- Greenhouse gas mitigation - Government policy

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Over the last fifteen years the world's largest developing countries have initiated market reform in their electric power sectors from generation to distribution. This book evaluates the experiences of five of those countries - Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa - as they have shifted from state-dominated systems to schemes allowing for a larger private sector role. As well as having the largest power systems in their regions and among the most rapidly rising consumption of electricity in the world, these countries are the locus of massive financial investment and the effects of their power systems are increasingly felt in world fuel markets. This accessible volume explains the origins of these reform efforts and offers a theory as to why - despite diverse backgrounds - reform efforts in all five countries have stalled in similar ways. The authors also offer practical advice to improve reform policies.

Electric utilities --- Energy policy --- Energy industries --- Industries --- Power resources --- Electric companies --- Electric light and power industry --- Electric power industry --- Electric industries --- Public utilities --- Business, Economy and Management --- Economics

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A compelling argument for solving the global climate crisis through local partnerships and experimentationGlobal climate diplomacy—from the Kyoto Protocol to the Paris Agreement—is not working. Despite decades of sustained negotiations by world leaders, the climate crisis continues to worsen. The solution is within our grasp—but we will not achieve it through top-down global treaties or grand bargains among nations.Charles Sabel and David Victor explain why the profound transformations needed for deep cuts in emissions must arise locally, with government and business working together to experiment with new technologies, quickly learn the best solutions, and spread that information globally. Sabel and Victor show how some of the most iconic successes in environmental policy were products of this experimentalist approach to problem solving, such as the Montreal Protocol on the ozone layer, the rise of electric vehicles, and Europe’s success in controlling water pollution. They argue that the Paris Agreement is at best an umbrella under which local experimentation can push the technological frontier and help societies around the world learn how to deploy the technologies and policies needed to tackle this daunting global problem.A visionary book that fundamentally reorients our thinking about the climate crisis, Fixing the Climate is a road map to institutional design that can finally lead to self-sustaining reductions in emissions that years of global diplomacy have failed to deliver. "Solving the global climate crisis through local partnerships and experimentation Global climate diplomacy--from the Kyoto Protocol to the Paris Agreement--is not working. Despite decades of sustained negotiations by world leaders, the climate crisis continues to worsen. The solution is within our grasp--but we will not achieve it through top-down global treaties or grand bargains among nations. Charles Sabel and David Victor explain why the profound transformations needed for deep cuts in emissions must arise locally, with government and business working together to experiment with new technologies, quickly learn the best solutions, and spread that information globally. Sabel and Victor show how some of the most iconic successes in environmental policy were products of this experimentalist approach to problem solving, such as the Montreal Protocol on the ozone layer, the rise of electric vehicles, and Europe's success in controlling water pollution. They argue that the Paris Agreement is at best an umbrella under which local experimentation can push the technological frontier and help societies around the world learn how to deploy the technologies and policies needed to tackle this daunting global problem. A visionary book that fundamentally reorients our thinking about the climate crisis, Fixing the Climate is a road map to institutional design that can finally lead to self-sustaining reductions in emissions that years of global diplomacy have failed to deliver." -- Publisher

Environmental policy --- Climatic changes --- environmental policy. --- climate change. --- international cooperation. --- pollution control measures. --- environmental impact. --- environmental protection. --- Kyoto Protocol. --- Il-Protokoll ta' Kyoto --- Protocole de Kyoto --- Kjótsky protokol --- Kyotski protokol --- Kioton pöytäkirja --- Protocolo de Quioto --- Protokolli i Kiotos --- Протокол од Кјото --- Kjótský protokol --- Prótacal Kyoto --- Kioto protokols --- Protocol van Kyoto --- Kyoto Protocol --- Kyoto protokoll --- Kyotoprotokollen --- πρωτόκολλο του Κυότο --- Protocolul de la Kyoto --- Kiotói Jegyzőkönyv --- Protocolo de Kyoto --- Kioto protokolas --- Протокол от Киото --- Kyotoprotokollet --- Protocollo di Kyoto --- Kjotski protokol --- protokół z Kioto --- Protocol van Kyoto bij het Raamverdrag van de Verenigde Naties inzake klimaatverandering --- Kjotski protokol k Okvirni konvenciji Združenih narodov o spremembi podnebja --- Kyotoprotokollet till Förenta nationernas ramkonvention om klimatförändringar --- Protocolo de Quioto à Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre as Alterações Climáticas --- Kyotoprotokollet till FN:s klimatkonvention --- Kjótský protokol k Rámcové úmluvě Organizace spojených národů o změně klimatu --- Kiotói Jegyzőkönyv az Egyesült Nemzetek Éghajlat-változási Keretegyezményéhez --- Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change --- Protocolul de la Kyoto la Convenţia-cadru a Organizaţiei Naţiunilor Unite asupra schimbărilor climatice --- Protokol iz Kyota --- Kyotoprotokollen til De Forenede Nationers rammekonvention om klimaændringer --- Kjótsky protokol k Rámcovému dohovoru Organizácie Spojených národov o zmene klímy --- Protocollo di Kyoto alla convenzione quadro delle Nazioni Unite sui cambiamenti climatici --- πρωτόκολλο του Κιότο στη Σύμβαση-πλαίσιο των Ηνωμένων Εθνών για την αλλαγή του κλίματος --- Protokolli i Kiotos i Konventës Kuadër të Kombeve të Bashkuara për Ndryshimin e Klimës --- ilmastonmuutosta koskevan Yhdistyneiden Kansakuntien puitesopimuksen Kioton pöytäkirja --- Protokoll ta' Kjoto għall-Konvenzjoni Qafas tan-Nazzjonijiet Uniti dwar it-Tibdil fil-Klima --- Prótacal Kiótó a ghabhann le Coinbhinsiún Creatlaí na Náisiún Aontaithe ar an Athrú Aeráide --- ÜRO kliimamuutuste raamkonventsiooni Kyoto protokoll --- Apvienoto Nāciju Organizācijas Vispārējās konvencijas par klimata pārmaiņām Kioto protokols --- Jungtinių Tautų bendrosios klimato kaitos konvencijos Kioto protokolas --- Kyotoprotocol --- Protocole de Kyoto à la Convention-cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques --- protokół z Kioto do Ramowej konwencji Narodów Zjednoczonych w sprawie zmian klimatu --- Protokoll von Kyoto zum Rahmenübereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen über Klimaänderungen --- Protocolo de Kyoto a la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático --- ochrona środowiska --- προστασία του περιβάλλοντος --- keskkonnakaitse --- varstvo okolja --- protección del medio ambiente --- опазване на околната среда --- ympäristönsuojelu --- miljöskydd --- protecția mediului înconjurător --- vides aizsardzība --- mbrojtje e mjedisit --- cosaint an chomhshaoil --- Umweltschutz --- környezetvédelem --- protection de l'environnement --- milieubescherming --- aplinkos apsauga --- miljøbeskyttelse --- заштита на животната средина --- zaštita okoliša --- ochrana životného prostredia --- protezione dell'ambiente --- заштита животне средине --- proteção do ambiente --- protezzjoni ambjentali --- ochrana životního prostředí --- keskkonna säilitamine --- sauvegarde de l'environnement --- Naturschutz --- ochrana prírody --- protezione del patrimonio ambientale --- protecção do ambiente --- dabas aizsardzība --- konservim i natyrës --- proteção da natureza --- miljøbevarelse --- protection of nature --- protection de la nature --- očuvanje okoliša --- protección de la naturaleza --- tutela dell'ambiente --- a természeti környezet megőrzése --- naturskydd --- gamtosauga --- еколог --- заштита на природата --- conservation de la nature --- ruajtje e mjedisit --- natuurbehoud --- salvaguarda do ambiente --- gamtos apsauga --- miljövård --- διατήρηση του φυσικού περιβάλλοντος --- διαφύλαξη του περιβάλλοντος --- looduskaitse --- nature protection --- conservación del medio ambiente --- медиуми на животната средина --- a természet megőrzése --- προστασία της φύσης --- zachování životního prostředí --- luonnonsuojelu --- conservación de la naturaleza --- aplinkosauga --- természetmegőrzés --- conservation of nature --- protecția naturii --- екологист --- conservarea naturii --- vides saglabāšana --- természetvédelem --- bevarande av natur --- naturbeskyttelse --- Erhaltung der Natur --- preservation of the environment --- salvaguardia dell'ambiente --- ochrana/zachovanie prírody --- mbrojtje e natyrës --- conservação da natureza --- protezione della natura --- ochrana/zachovanie životného prostredia --- difesa dell'ambiente --- beskyttelse af naturen --- tutela ambientale ed ecologica --- zaštita prirode --- заштита околине --- naturvård --- dabas saglabāšana --- natuurbescherming --- Erhaltung der Umwelt --- difesa della natura --- prírodná ochrana --- udržení životního prostředí --- protezione ambientale --- zachování přírody --- ochrana přírody --- tutela del patrimonio naturale --- behoud van het milieu --- vliv na životní prostředí --- invloed op het milieu --- impatt ambjentali --- tionchar ar an gcomhshaol --- επίπτωση στο περιβάλλον --- влијание врз животната средина --- ndikim në mjedis --- vpliv na okolje --- impact sur l'environnement --- impacto ambiental --- ympäristövaikutus --- ietekme uz vidi --- környezeti hatás --- poveikis aplinkai --- utjecaj na okoliš --- miljöpåverkan --- impatto ambientale --- impact asupra mediului --- Auswirkung auf die Umwelt --- miljøindvirkning --- keskkonnamõju --- wpływ na środowisko --- ekologický dosah --- въздействие на околната среда --- утицај на животну средину --- balanço ecológico --- miljöavtryck --- ekoloģiskais novērtējums --- ekobalancë --- ecobalanço --- effetti sull'ambiente --- vides pēdas nospiedums --- keskkonnajalajälg --- mer --- miljökonsekvensbeskrivning --- ślad środowiskowy --- aplinkosauginis pėdsakas --- miljøopgørelse --- vlerësim ekologjik --- ekološka procjena --- huella ambiental --- miljøvurdering --- balance ecológico --- efect ambiental --- effet environnemental --- περιβαλλοντικό αποτύπωμα --- milieueffect --- vides novērtējums --- Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung --- еколошки ефект --- miljøvirkning --- ökológiai mérleg --- écobilan --- milieuvoetafdruk --- ecological assessment --- efecto sobre el medio ambiente --- environmental assessment --- impronta ambientale --- vides ietekmēšana --- környezetihatás-tanulmány --- avaliação ambiental --- Verträglichkeitsprüfung --- ökológiai vizsgálat --- ekologinis balansas --- impronta ambjentali --- indvirkning på miljøet --- miljøbelastning --- bilanț ecologic --- effect on the environment --- conséquence sur l'environnement --- environmental footprint --- environmentálna stopa --- ecologische balans --- evaluare ecologică --- bilan écologique --- milieueffectrapport --- conséquence environnementale --- effekt på miljön --- Umweltwirkung --- efekt mjedisor --- miljöanalys --- еколошко влијание --- ympäristöarvio --- συνέπεια στο περιβάλλον --- mõju keskkonnale --- miljøaftryk --- effet sur l'environnement --- evaluación medioambiental --- valutazione dell'impatto ambientale --- επίδραση στο περιβάλλον --- Umweltimpakt --- bilancio ecologico --- оценка на влијанието врз животната средина --- environmental effect --- ekoloģiskā bilance --- ekologinis įvertinimas --- tionchar comhshaoil --- amprentă de mediu --- ökologische Bilanz --- efekti mbi mjedis --- οικολογικός ισολογισμός --- отпечатък върху околната среда --- okoljski odtis --- miljöbedömning --- ecobilancio --- empreinte environnementale --- eco-balance --- incidence environnementale --- lorg comhshaoil --- vaikutus ympäristöön --- environmentálny vplyv --- effett ambjentali --- incidence sur l'environnement --- efect asupra mediului --- konsekvenser for miljøet --- efeito no meio ambiente --- ekotase --- keskkonnamõju hindamine --- ympäristöjalanjälki --- Impaktstudie --- EIA --- virkning på miljøet --- vplyv na životné prostredie --- environmentální stopa --- Umweltbilanz --- ecobalance --- környezeti lábnyom --- pasqyrë ekologjike --- hodnocení vlivů na životní prostředí --- miljøstatus --- inverkan på miljön --- Umweltimpaktstudie --- évaluation environnementale --- ekologický vliv --- pegada ambiental --- evaluare de mediu --- aplinkos įvertinimas --- ecological balance sheet --- környezetihatás-vizsgálat --- keskkonnahinnang --- ekobilance --- ekologinen tase --- περιβαλλοντική αξιολόγηση --- vlerësim mjedisor --- ökotasakaal --- UVP --- Ökobilanz --- мерки за контрола на загадувањето --- контрол по замърсяване на околната среда --- măsuri pentru controlul poluării --- мере за контролу загађености --- masat e kontrollit të ndotjes --- mjere za kontrolu onečišćenja --- környezetszennyezés elleni küzdelem --- forureningsbekæmpelse --- saastetõrjemeede --- föroreningsbekämpning --- bearta rialaithe truaillithe --- walka z zanieczyszczeniem --- piesārņojuma kontroles pasākumi --- taršos kontrolės priemonės --- bestrijding van de verontreiniging --- opatrenia na kontrolu znečistenia --- luta contra a poluição --- lutte contre la pollution --- καταπολέμηση της ρύπανσης --- lucha contra la contaminación --- Bekämpfung der Umweltbelastungen --- miżuri ta' kontroll tat-tniġġis --- opatření na kontrolu znečištění --- lotta contro l'inquinamento --- ympäristöhaittojen torjunta --- ukrepi proti onesnaževanju --- szennyezés csökkentése --- snižování znečištění --- mjere za kontrolu zagađenja --- reduction of pollution --- forureningsbegrænsning --- taršos mažinimas --- vermindering van de milieuverontreiniging --- riduzione dell'inquinamento da polvere --- kova su tarša --- smanjenje onečićenja --- opatření na kontrolu škodlivin --- bekämpning av nedsmutsning --- monitorování znečištění --- мерки за намалување на загадувањето --- reducerea poluării --- μείωση της ρύπανσης --- ulje e ndotjes --- reostuse vähendamine --- opatření na kontrolu emisí --- poluição do litoral --- Verringerung der Umweltbelastungen --- piesārņojuma samazināšana --- környezetterhelés elleni küzdelem --- saastuttamisen vähentäminen --- redução da poluição --- minskning av förorening --- réduction de la pollution --- Schadstoffbekämpfung --- Bekämpfung der Umweltverschmutzung --- combate à poluição --- reostustõrjemeede --- környezetterhelés --- zníženie znečistenia --- riduzione dell'inquinamento --- reducción de la contaminación --- szennyezés elleni küzdelem --- měření znečištění --- rahvusvaheline koostöö --- меѓународна соработка --- nemzetközi együttműködés --- współpraca międzynarodowa --- cooperazione internazionale --- coopération internationale --- internationale Zusammenarbeit --- cooperare internațională --- internationale samenwerking --- medzinárodná spolupráca --- tarptautinis bendradarbiavimas --- kansainvälinen yhteistyö --- cooperação internacional --- международно сътрудничество --- internationellt samarbete --- bashkëpunim ndërkombëtar --- међународна сарадња --- mezinárodní spolupráce --- mednarodno sodelovanje --- internationalt samarbejde --- διεθνής συνεργασία --- međunarodna suradnja --- kooperazzjoni internazzjonali --- starptautiskā sadarbība --- cooperación internacional --- comhar idirnáisiúnta --- mezinárodní kooperace --- интернационална соработка --- internacionální kooperace --- spolupráce na mezinárodní úrovni --- internacionální spolupráce --- kaimiņvalstu sadarbība --- cambio climático --- klimatska promjena --- tibdil fil-klima --- промена климе --- klimatförändring --- alteração climática --- kliimamuutus --- sprememba podnebja --- климатска промена --- zmiany klimatyczne --- changement climatique --- промяна на климата --- cambiamento climatico --- schimbare climatică --- ndryshim klimaterik --- změna klimatu --- klimata maiņa --- éghajlatváltozás --- zmena podnebia --- klimato kaita --- athrú aeráide --- klimaatsverandering --- Klimaveränderung --- ilmastonmuutos --- klimaændring --- κλιματική αλλαγή --- az éghajlat változása --- modificación del clima --- klimatiskā izmaiņa --- промена на климата --- klimatická změna --- klimatická zmena --- climatic change --- schimbări climatice --- aplinkos politika --- vides politika --- milieubeleid --- Umweltpolitik --- keskkonnapoliitika --- política do ambiente --- екологична политика --- okoljska politika --- polityka ochrony środowiska --- politika ambjentali --- политика заштите животне средине --- politica mediului înconjurător --- politika životného prostredia --- környezetvédelmi politika --- miljöpolitik --- politique de l'environnement --- politika okoliša --- politica ambientale --- política de medio ambiente --- politikë mjedisore --- miljøpolitik --- beartas comhshaoil --- περιβαλλοντική πολιτική --- политика за животна средина --- ympäristöpolitiikka --- environmentální politika --- miljøstyring --- starostlivosť o životné prostredie --- gestion de l'environnement --- política medioambiental --- gestione dell'ambiente --- política ambiental --- ochrana a tvorba životního prostředí --- upravljanje okolišem --- politica dell'ambiente --- menaxhim mjedisor --- ympäristöjohtaminen --- vides apsaimniekošana --- környezetpolitika --- miljöförvaltning --- Umweltpflege --- διαχείριση του περιβάλλοντος --- gospodarenje okolišem --- managementul mediului --- környezetgazdálkodás --- a környezet gondozása --- politika ochrany životního prostředí --- keskkonnajuhtimine --- politika na ochranu životního prostředí --- péče o životní prostředí --- gestión del medio ambiente --- politica in materia di ambiente --- environmental management --- aplinkos valdymas --- Umweltschutzpolitik --- gestão do ambiente --- milieubeheer --- International cooperation. --- ARPA-E. --- Abatement Cost. --- Acid rain. --- Activism. --- Air pollution. --- Availability. --- Beyond the Limits. --- Business ethics. --- Carburetor. --- Cargo ship. --- Cattle. --- Cess. --- Civil aviation. --- Clean Air Act (United States). --- Clean Development Mechanism. --- Climate Change Agreement. --- Climate change. --- Collaboration. --- Collective action. --- Common-pool resource. --- Comparative advantage. --- Creative accounting. --- Curtailment. --- Customer. --- Cyber-attack. --- Decision-making. --- Deforestation. --- Deliberation. --- Developed country. --- Dynamic efficiency. --- Economic efficiency. --- Economic power. --- Electricity generation. --- Electricity. --- Emerging technologies. --- Emissions trading. --- Energy technology. --- Environmental issue. --- Environmental law. --- Environmentalism. --- Experiment. --- Externality. --- Fertilizer. --- Fraud. --- Funding. --- Global politics. --- Globalization. --- Governance. --- Granularity. --- Guarantee. --- Hydrogen vehicle. --- Implementation. --- Impossibility. --- Incentive. --- Income. --- Industrial policy. --- Informality. --- Information asymmetry. --- Innovation. --- Inspection. --- Institution. --- Interconnection. --- Interest. --- International Maritime Organization. --- Land Registry (United Kingdom). --- Member state. --- Military dictatorship. --- Montreal Protocol. --- National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. --- Ownership. --- Ozone depletion. --- Pasture. --- Patent. --- Pollutant. --- Pollution. --- Procurement. --- Protectionism. --- Quality assurance. --- Quantity. --- Regulation. --- Renewable resource. --- Requirement. --- Scrubber. --- Second source. --- Skepticism. --- Slowdown. --- Supply chain. --- Sustainability. --- Technocracy. --- Technology. --- The Way Forward. --- Top-down and bottom-up design. --- Trade barrier. --- Treaty. --- Uncertainty. --- United Nations Environment Programme. --- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. --- Vehicle. --- World Trade Organization. --- ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY--INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION --- CLIMATIC CHANGES--INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

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This book proposes a simple framework for understanding the political economy of subsidy reform and applies it to four in-depth country studies covering more than 30 distinct episodes of reform. Five key lessons emerge. First, energy subsidies often follow a life cycle, beginning as a way to stabilize prices and reduce exposure to price volatility for low-income consumers. However, as they grow in size and political power, they become entrenched. Second, subsidy reform strategies vary because the underlying political economy problems vary. When benefits are concentrated, satisfying (or isolating) interest groups with alternative policies is an important condition for effective reform. When benefits are diffuse, it can be much harder to identify and manage the political coalition needed for reform. Third, governments vary in their administrative and political capacities to implement difficult energy subsidy reforms. Fourth, improvements in social protection systems are often critical to the success of reforms because they make it possible to target assistance to those most in need. Finally, the most interesting cases involve governments that take a strategic approach to the challenges of political economy. In these settings, fixing energy subsidies is central to the governments' missions of retaining political power and reorganizing how the government delivers benefits to the population. These cases are examples of "reform engineering" where governments actively seek to create the capacity to implement alternative policies, depoliticize tariffs, and build credibility around alternative policies. The most successful reforms involve active efforts by policy leaders to identify the political forces supporting energy subsidies and redirect or inoculate them.

Reformation.

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By most estimates, global consumption of natural gas - a cleaner-burning alternative to coal and oil - will double by 2030. However, in North America, Europe, China, and South and East Asia, which are the areas of highest-expected demand, the projected consumption of gas is expected to far outstrip indigenous supplies. Delivering gas from the world's major reserves to the future demand centres will require a major expansion of inter-regional, cross-border gas transport infrastructures. This book investigates the implications of this shift, utilizing historical case studies as well as advanced economic modelling to examine the interplay between economic and political factors in the development of natural gas resources. The contributors aim to shed light on the political challenges which may accompany a shift to a gas-fed world.

620.9 --- AA / International- internationaal --- 338.012 --- 338.732 --- 620.9 Economics of energy in general --- Economics of energy in general --- Energie (productiefactor). --- Gas. --- Gas industry --- Energy policy --- Geopolitics --- World politics --- Natural gas industry --- Energy industries --- Energy and state --- Power resources --- State and energy --- Industrial policy --- Energy conservation --- Government policy --- Energie (productiefactor) --- Gas --- International relations. Foreign policy --- Foreign trade. International trade --- Energy policy. --- Geopolitics. --- Government policy. --- Business, Economy and Management --- Economics